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Grammar Unit

Grammar Unit . English 10 CP Chapters 18-22. Agreement. Subjects are closely related to verbs, and a careful speaker makes them agree with each other by matching verb forms to subject forms.

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Grammar Unit

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  1. Grammar Unit English 10 CP Chapters 18-22

  2. Agreement • Subjects are closely related to verbs, and a careful speaker makes them agree with each other by matching verb forms to subject forms. • Pronouns and their antecedents are closely related as well and are made to agree with each other by matching forms.

  3. Selecting Verbs that Agree with Subjects • Example: • Neither of the coats on display (is, are) the color I want. • Answer: is On page 445 part A please answer 1-10 On page 446 part B please answer 11-20

  4. Singular & Plural Number • When a word refers to one person or thing, it is singular in number. When a word refers to more than one, it is plural in number. • The boldfaced words below agree. • One of the players was not wearing his glove (singular). • Several of the players were not wearing their gloves (plural). • Complete exercise 1 on pg 447.

  5. Singular/Plural Verbs • Singular subjects take singular verbs: • Marcia attends college, but Laura goes to computer school. • Plural Subjects take plural verbs. • Example: Marcia and Laura attend college, but the other girls do not. In general, nouns ending in s are plural (aunts, uncles, towns, crimes), but verbs ending in s are singular (gives, takes, does, has is). Singular I and you, however, generally take verbs that do not end in s (I think, you think, I am, you are).

  6. Selecting Verbs that Agree with Their Subjects: • Pg. 449 Exercise 3 • Pg. 452 Exercise 5

  7. The Compound Subject • Most compound subjects joined by and take a plural verb. • Examples: Ramon and she like hiking. Her Brother and her cousin are teachers. The mother dog and her puppy sleep here. A few compound subjects joined by and name a single person or thing and therefore take a singular verb. Examples: Pork and beans goes well with hot dogs (one dish). Rock and roll is here to stay. (one kind of music.

  8. Singular/Plural Subjects • When a singular and plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject. • Examples: • Either Horace or his aunts were up to something strange. (aunts were) • Neither the potatoes nor the roast seems done (roast seems). • Pg. 454 Exercise 8

  9. Other Problems in Agreement • Collective nouns may be either singular or plural. • When you are in doubt at times about the number of a word that names a group of persons or objects it is a collective noun. • A collective noun is singular and takes a singular verb when the group is thought of as a unit or whole. • A collective noun is plural and takes a plural verb when the group are thought of as individuals acting separately. Student the following pairs of sentences. • The class has a substitute teacher. (class is thought of as a unit) • The class were disagreeing with one another about their answers. (Class is thought of as a number of individuals).

  10. Writing sentences with verbs that agree with sub. • Exercise 10 pg. 456 1-10

  11. Verb Agreement with PN • In the following examples the subject is marked S and the predicate nominative PN. • Examples: The greatest threat to campers is bear Bears are the greatest threat to campers. The main ingredient of my hot sauce is jalapeno peppers.

  12. Subject/Verb Agreement • When the subject follows the verb, as in sentences beginning with there and here, be careful to anticipate the subject, and make sure that the verb agrees with it. • PG. 457:Exercise 11

  13. Agreement: • Words stating amount are usually singular. • Example: • Two years is a long time. • Fifty cents was the price • Ninety percent of the student body is present. When the sense of the sentence indicates that the subject designates a collection of individual parts rather than a single unit or quantity, the verb must be plural in number. • Example: • Sixty short minutes fly by. • Three quarters were in my pocket. • Ninety percent of the students are present today.

  14. Other Agreement Rules: • Every or many a before a word or a series of words is followed by a singular verb. • The title of a work of art, literature, or music, even when plural, takes a singular verb. • Don’t and doesn't’’ must agree with their subject.

  15. Exercises for Review • Exercise 12: pg. 458 • Using Don’t and Doesn’t Correctly • Exercise 13: pg. 459 • Selecting Verbs that Agree with their subjects. Take Home Test: To complete Agreement Packet for a grade. Due on Monday.

  16. Case Forms of Personal Pronouns • Personal pronouns change form in the different persons. • First person is the person speaking: I (We) do • Second person is the person spoken to: You were doing • Third person is a person or thing other than the speaker or the person spoken to: He (she, it, they_ will do. • Look at graphs on page 470 to notice nominative, objective, and possessive case.

  17. Pronoun Usage: pg 468 • A small number of pronouns have three forms, or cases; • A nominative form that is used when the pronoun is a subject or predicate nominative. • Ex: We heard from Sheila • Ex: She is staying Ohio. • Objective form that is used when it is a direct or indirect object. • Ex: I wrote to her • Ex: Sheila phoned me • Possessive form that is used to show ownership or relationship. • Her vacation is almost over • She is at their farm. Diagnostic Test

  18. Subject Complement: Predicate nominative (review) • All complements follow a linking verb. • If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is a predicate nominative. • Explain the subject or give another name for the subject. • The caterpillar becomes a butterfly. • Ms. Hayes is our teacher A sentence may contain a compound predicate nominative.                                        P.N.Ex.   Our teacher is Ms. Hayes or Ms. Rose. • .

  19. Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent • Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) have matching forms that must agree with their antecedents. The antecedent is the word to which a pronoun refers. • A pronoun agrees with it’s antecedent in gender and number. • Most nouns name persons or things that may be either masculine or feminine in the English language. • Personal pronouns usually match the gender of their antecedents. Exercise 3, 5 (page 472,473)

  20. A Predicate Nominative is in the Nominative Case… • A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun in the predicate that explains or renames the subject of the sentence. • Look at graphs on page 473

  21. Nominative Case • The subject of a verb is in the nominative case. • Ex: Both he and I solved the problem (he and I are subjects of the verb solved. • Her brothers and she cleaned the house (she is the subject of cleaned.) • They knew we were going (they is the subject of knew, and we is the subject of were going). Read page 471 Example paragraphs & 473 Usage Note Complete exercise’s 3,4,5

  22. Objective Case • The pronouns: me, him, her, us, and them are in the objective case. These pronouns are used as direct and indirect objects and as objects of prepositions. • Example: • Our coach has been training us (direct object.) • I paid him a compliment (indirect object) Read paragraph on page 475 below examples Complete Exercises: 7 Review Exercise’s B, C

  23. Objective Case: Rules to remember • A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition. • When the object of a preposition is a pronoun it must be in the objective case. • Example: to them, for you and us, with him • Example: We spoke with Gwen and (she, her).

  24. Who and Whom? • http://web.ku.edu/~edit/whom.html

  25. Capitalization • Capital letters are used to individualize what you are writing about. • Complete diagnostic test on page 549.

  26. Rules of Capitalization • Capitalize the first word of every sentence. • Capitalize the pronoun I and the interjection O • Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives • Exercise 1,2 (553)

  27. Notes on Capitalization • DO NOT: democratic, republican, socialist when referring to society instead of democratic party. • Republican party • Republican Party (both correct. ) DO NOT : hotel, theater, college, high school unless proper names. - The Roosevelt Hotel Marietta College DO NOT: capitalize the names of seasons: summer, spring, winter, fall DO NOT: capitalize names that follower brands. Ritz crackers Haagen-Dazs ice cream DO NOT: capitalize sun, moon, earth. DO NOT: capitalize senior, junior, sophomore, freshman DO NOT: do not capitalize the names of school subjects, except names of languages and course names followed by a number.

  28. Capitalization Notes • Capitalize words showing family relationship when used with a person’s name but not when preceded by a possessive (these are capitalize when used in place of a person’s name like “hello Father”. • Examples: Aunt Edit, Uncle Fred, my brother Bob, Grandmother Bechtel. • Capitalize first and last words an all important words in titles of books, periodicals, poems, stories, movies, television series, painting and other works of art. • Capitalize God except when it refers to the gods of ancient mythology and all words referring to God. Father, Lord, His will ect.

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