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Other Flagellated Protozoa. Giardia duodenalis Spironucleus meleagridis Trichomonas vaginalis and foetus Histomonas meleagridis. Giardia duodenalis. Trophozoite Two nuclei Four pair flagella Adhesive discs Cyst Four nuclei in mature cysts Four pair flagella, do not project out of cell
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Other Flagellated Protozoa Giardia duodenalis Spironucleus meleagridis Trichomonas vaginalis and foetus Histomonas meleagridis
Giardia duodenalis • Trophozoite • Two nuclei • Four pair flagella • Adhesive discs • Cyst • Four nuclei in mature cysts • Four pair flagella, do not project out of cell • Lack mitochondria
Spironucleus meleagridis • Similar to Giardia duodenalis • Except no sucking discs • Infects galliform birds (chickens, turkey etc…) • May cause death in young birds • Life cycle similar to Giardia duodenalis
Trichomonadidae • Anterior tuft of flagella • Undulating membrane • Rigid axostyle
Trichomonas vaginalis • Venereal disease (trichomoniasis) • Both male and female • Hydrogenosomes • Analogous to mitochondria • Produce ATP • Treated with metronidazole
Tritrichomonas foetus • Genital infection of cattle • Causes early abortion (1-16 weeks) • May cause endometritis leading to sterility • Evade immune response by secreting proteases
Histomonas meleagridis • Histomoniasis • Chickens, turkeys and other gallinaceous birds • No cyst form • Trophozoites cannot survive stomach acids • Cloacal drinking • Alteration of stomach acids
Histomonas meleagridis morphology • A – tissue form • B – early lumen form • C – mature lumen form with flagella
Heterakis gallinarum • Nematode intermediate host for Histomonas meleagridis • Earthworms are paratenic hosts for both