1 st 9 Weeks Academic Vocabulary

1. 1st 9 WeeksAcademic Vocabulary With Question Stems

2. Irony(see pg. 257, 265, 273, 274, 276, 279 in PH Literature) • Irony is a contradiction between appearance and reality—it is the difference between what is expected and what really happens. In a story, situational irony can happen if something happens in the story that contradicts the expectations of a character or of the reader. Example: In the story “The Girl Who Can” was criticized throughout the story for having “scrawny” legs and small hips, only to be praised by the end of the story for being a good runner.

3. Dramatic Irony(see pg. 893 in PH Literature) • Dramatic Irony is a contradiction between what a character thinks and what the audience knows to be true. This type of irony keeps the audience engaged with suspense, waiting for the truth to be revealed to the characters. (See video below) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZFYuX84n1U

4. “Let’s Practice” Tom has always liked Lucy, but Lucy has always thought Tom was annoying and unattractive.  One day, Lucy comes home to find an eviction notice on her door.  Apparently, her roommate had been spending the rent money that Lucy was giving her on other things.  Lucy only has 24 hours to get all her stuff over to her mom’s house, and Lucy doesn’t even have a car.  But Tom has a truck.  So Lucy calls up Tom and asks him how he’s doing.  She tells him that she’s always thought he was funny, and that they should hang out sometime.  Tom thinks that Lucy has finally come around and is beginning to like her.  He also thinks that his jokes are funny because she is laughing after everything that he says. Which literary technique is exemplified in this passage? • A. Situational Irony • B. Dramatic Irony • C. Verbal Irony

5. “Let’s Practice” Tom has always liked Lucy, but Lucy has always thought Tom was annoying and unattractive.  One day, Lucy comes home to find an eviction notice on her door.  Apparently, her roommate had been spending the rent money that Lucy was giving her on other things.  Lucy only has 24 hours to get all her stuff over to her mom’s house, and Lucy doesn’t even have a car.  But Tom has a truck.  So Lucy calls up Tom and asks him how he’s doing.  She tells him that she’s always thought he was funny, and that they should hang out sometime.  Tom thinks that Lucy has finally come around and is beginning to like her.  He also thinks that his jokes are funny because she is laughing after everything that he says. Which literary technique is exemplified in this passage? • A. Situational Irony • B. Dramatic Irony • C. Verbal Irony

6. “Let’s Practice” The rapper Eminem is well-known for his song writing ability, but he is equally known for his shockingly profane and obscene lyrical content.  Eminem has made a fortune selling his curse filled songs to millions of children around the world.  But, on a 60 Minutes interview, Eminem claimed that there was no swearing in his own home and that his children were not allowed to play music with curse words, including his own tracks. Which literary technique is exemplified in this passage? • A. Situational Irony • B. Dramatic Irony • C. Verbal Irony

7. “Let’s Practice” The rapper Eminem is well-known for his song writing ability, but he is equally known for his shockingly profane and obscene lyrical content.  Eminem has made a fortune selling his curse filled songs to millions of children around the world.  But, on a 60 Minutes interview, Eminem claimed that there was no swearing in his own home and that his children were not allowed to play music with curse words, including his own tracks. Which literary technique is exemplified in this passage? • A. Situational Irony • B. Dramatic Irony • C. Verbal Irony

8. Persuasive Techniques(see pg. 539 in PH Literature for more information on persuasive devices) Persuasive techniques are devices that authors and speakers use to influence the audience/reader to agree with an argument. Good persuasive writing and speeches present evidence clearly, concisely, and logically for the reader/ listener. Persuasive Techniques can be presented in the following persuasive techniques: • Anecdotal Evidence- used to describe evidence which is usually based on personal experience. • Statistical Evidence- Carefully chosen figures, statistics, or graphs that may offer substantial support to an argument. • Hypothetical Questions- The author asks the audience to imagine an unreal or supposed situation with the motive of convincing them to agree with his/her argument. • Rhetorical Questions- A question is asked to which there is only one answer: the answer that agrees with the argument of the speaker or writer.

9. Persuasive Techniques Anecdotal Evidence- used to describe evidence which is usually based on personal experience. Anecdotes are usually short personal stories, often entertaining; they give a human angle that engages the reader and can often convey information. For example: "Mrs. Ruby green of Albion reports that she waited for eight hours in the casualty department of a large hospital before she received any attention".

10. Persuasive Techniques Statistical Evidence- Carefully chosen figures, statistics, or graphs that may offer substantial support to an argument. Statistical Evidence may be a gallop poll, a university or government body, or a professional speaking in his/her field of expertise are good sources for statistical evidence. Authors and speakers may also advertise surveys or unnamed sources to convince the audience in a similar fashion as a commercial ad would do also. McDonald’s signs: “Over 1 billion served” Trident chewing gum: “4 out of 5 dentists recommend chewing sugarless gum”

11. Persuasive Techniques Hypothetical Questions- The author asks the audience to imagine an unreal or supposed situation with the motive of convincing them to agree with his/her argument. Hypothetical Questions types do not actually have truthful answers, as these situations are fictitious: “If you could have free, unlimited service for five years from an extremely good cook, chauffeur, or masseuse, which would you choose?” “Would you be willing to give up half of what you now own for a pill that would permanently change you so that one hour of sleep each day would fully refresh you?”

12. Persuasive Techniques RhetoricalQuestions- The author asks the audience a question to which there is only one answer: the answer that agrees with the writer/speaker’s argument. The author uses RhetoricalQuestions in to convince the audience that their opinion on an topic/argument is identical to the author’s opinion: “Do you want to see your wife and children out on the street in rags?” “If your friend jumped off the bridge would you do it too?”

13. “Let’s Practice” • “The vegan lifestyle is one that affords a safer lifestyle in terms of eating habits. An elderly woman residing in Newport, VA enjoyed a hardy meal , which included a high quality cut of steak, with her family only to find herself in critical condition at her local hospital that night deathly ill with a common bacteria found in meat called faecalstreptococci. The woman’s body could nit build up an immunity to the ferocious bacteria, now residing in her belly: She died the following morning. Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning

14. “Let’s Practice” • “The vegan lifestyle is one that affords a safer lifestyle in terms of eating habits. An elderly woman residing in Newport, VA enjoyed a hardy meal , which included a high quality cut of steak, with her family only to find herself in critical condition at her local hospital that night deathly ill with a common bacteria found in meat called faecalstreptococci. The woman’s body could nit build up an immunity to the ferocious bacteria, now residing in her belly: She died the following morning. Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence (The speakers relates a “human experience” to the subject.) • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning

15. “Let’s Practice” • “One can conclude that there are clear health and diet benefits in the avoidance of consumption of meat products. Would you want to find yourself or your family members deathly ill in the hospital with a food-born bacteria in your stomach due to the fact that you had a slice of meat along with your family meal? ” Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning

16. “Let’s Practice” • “One can conclude that there are clear health and diet benefits in the avoidance of consumption of meat products. Would you want to find yourself or your family members deathly ill in the hospital with a food-born bacteria in your stomach due to the fact that you had a slice of meat along with your family meal? ” Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning (the speaker frames the question in a way that there is an obvious answer—the answer that agrees with his view.) • Hypothetical Questioning

17. “Let’s Practice” • “Imagine you and your family enjoying a hardy dinner that included the highest quality cut of steak purchased at your local Publix. You later discover that the meat products you purchased and cooked for this family meal were all contaminated with common food-born pathogens and bacteria commonly found in meat. Also, you and your family do not discover the disastrous situation until you are all extremely dehydrated from excessive nausea and heaving, sitting in the emergency waiting room of your local hospital.” Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning

18. “Let’s Practice” • “Imagine you and your family enjoying a hardy dinner that included the highest quality cut of steak purchased at your local Publix. You later discover that the meat products you purchased and cooked for this family meal were all contaminated with common food-born pathogens and bacteria commonly found in meat. Also, you and your family do not discover the disastrous situation until you are all extremely dehydrated from excessive nausea and heaving, sitting in the emergency waiting room of your local hospital.” Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning (The speaker proposes a situation to the reader that has not happened, or is a fictitious story in order to make a point.)

19. “Let’s Practice” • “The vegetarian lifestyle benefits people’s health in multiple ways. Health and research has shown that those with diets that are free of meat consumption are 75% less likely to get a food-born illness than those who are consumers of meat products.” Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning

20. “Let’s Practice” • “The vegetarian lifestyle benefits people’s health in multiple ways. Health and research has shown that those with diets that are free of meat consumption are 75% less likely to get a food-born illness than those who are consumers of meat products.” Which persuasive technique is the speaker using in the passage above? • Anecdotal Evidence • Statistical Evidence (The speaker uses the statistic, “75% less likely…” to convince the audience…) • Rhetorical Questioning • Hypothetical Questioning

21. Point of View(see pp. 93, 199, 426, 430, 1033, 1034 PH Literature) POINT OF VIEW is the perspective from which the story is told. The point of view determines the information that the author includes and how the author gives the information. There are four main points of view— • 1st Person • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rdPerson Omniscient

22. Point of View • In 1st PERSON the narrator is a character in a fictional text; the narrator is giving their personal account in a non-fictional text. The narrator uses the pronoun I, me, we … “I asked Sam to help me with my mailing, and we somehow got the project done early during the last week of December.”

23. Point of View • In 3rd PERSON LIMITED the narrator is outside of the story and knows the thoughts and feelings of NO MORE THAN ONE character in the story. “Once upon a time, there was a woman who discovered she had turned into the wrong person. She fell asleep as a young maiden. However, when she arose from sleep the next morning, she was a frog princess. She wondered what had happened. Her family did not recognize her. No one in the marketplaces acknowledged her. She felt very confused.”

24. Point of View • In 3rd PERSON OMNISCIENTthe narrator is outside of the story and knows the thoughts and feelings of ALLcharacters in the story. “He was hoping to himself that the teacher would not ask for his homework. Everyone in the class sat quietly in anxious anticipation because they knew that this was the 3rd time this week that he came to class without his assignments.”

25. Point of View(see pp. 93, 199, 426, 430, 1033, 1034 PH Literature) The fourth author’s Point of View is the Second Person… In 2nd PERSONthe author addresses the reader directly. The second person uses the pronouns “you,” “your,” and “yours.” Second person is often appropriate for e-mail messages, presentations, and business and technical writing: • “Before you go to London, remember to leave your keys under the doormat. I’ll miss you.” • “Class, you need to be in your seats when the principal arrives.”

26. “Let’s Practice” He was a little late for the afternoon session, but he went boldly into the classroom with his bandaged knees. They were their own apology, and the teacher nodded to him and went on with the lesson. He was disappointed that she did not ask him any questions, so that he could tell of his peril and of his friend. None of the other students in the room asked him what happened to his knees. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1st Person • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient

27. “Let’s Practice” He was a little late for the afternoon session, but he went boldly into the classroom with his bandaged knees. They were their own apology, and the teacher nodded to him and went on with the lesson. He was disappointed that she did not ask him any questions, so that he could tell of his peril and of his friend. None of the other students in the room asked him what happened to his knees. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1st Person • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited (The narrator reveals ONLY the feelings of the boy.) • 3rd Person Omniscient

28. “Let’s Practice” “Hey, human, time to earn your pay!” Curled in a feline crouch, a silver comlink clipped to its furry ear, the SuperCat flashed Derek a toothy grin. Tawny fur showed through gaps in the bio construct's body armor, and his oxygen bottle had a special nosepiece to accommodate the saber-tooth upper canines, huge curved fangs whose roots ran back to the eye sockets. Cradling a recoilless assault cannon, the SuperCat had small use for ceremony, letting everyone call him Leo. Derek grunted, getting paid being the least of his worries. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1stPerson • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient

29. “Let’s Practice” “Hey, human, time to earn your pay!” Curled in a feline crouch, a silver comlink clipped to its furry ear, the SuperCat flashed Derek a toothy grin. Tawny fur showed through gaps in the bio construct's body armor, and his oxygen bottle had a special nosepiece to accommodate the saber-tooth upper canines, huge curved fangs whose roots ran back to the eye sockets. Cradling a recoilless assault cannon, the SuperCat had small use for ceremony, letting everyone call him Leo. Derek grunted, getting paid being the least of his worries. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1stPerson • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient (The narrator knows the thoughts of Supercat AND Derek—more than one character in the story, which would disqualify the limited point of view.)

30. “Let’s Practice” • Every Saturday we visit Grandma. She loves to kiss me on my forehead. Despite my being fourteen years old, she still does this as if I am still five. I don’t mind, though. At least she still remembers my name. She calls my older brother “Tom,” which is Dad’s name. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1st Person • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient

31. “Let’s Practice” • Every Saturday we visit Grandma. She loves to kiss me on my forehead. Despite my being fourteen years old, she still does this as if I am still five. I don’t mind, though. At least she still remembers my name. She calls my older brother “Tom,” which is Dad’s name. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1st Person(The narrator is in the story: uses the pronouns “I,” “we,” and “my.”) • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient

32. “Let’s Practice” • In order to use your locker combination, you must first turn the dial several times to the right before you stop at the first number. Thereafter, you will turn the dial to the left, passing the second number once. Lastly, turn the dial back to the right, stopping at the third number the first time you get to it.. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1st Person • 2nd Person • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient

33. “Let’s Practice” • In order to use your locker combination, you must first turn the dial several times to the right before you stop at the first number. Thereafter, you will turn the dial to the left, passing the second number once. Lastly, turn the dial back to the right, stopping at the third number the first time you get to it.. What narrative point of view is used in the passage above? • 1st Person • 2ndPerson (The author is speaking directly to the reader—using the word “you” is also an indication of the 2nd person perspective.) • 3rd Person Limited • 3rd Person Omniscient

34. THESIS(see pp. 426 PH Literature) • The Thesistells the reader how the author interprets or feels towards a subject or topic: the author’s stand. It tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. A thesis often makes a claim that others might dispute. • NOTE: Although a thesis CANNOT exist without the main idea, they’re not exactly the same. The main idea is simply the subject of interest in your paper. • For example, “The Life and Presidency of Abraham Lincoln” can be the main idea; however, this is not as arguable like the thesis statement should be. It's simply an idea. Nonetheless, “Abraham Lincoln was the strongest, most influential president that the United States has ever had.” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=t7GgCINEfm8

35. THEME(see pp. 6, 8, 1030, 1032, 1034 PH Literature) • The THEME is the life lesson of a story or the author’s message about human nature or the human experience. The theme is the central message of a literary work (typically fiction) that is not stated directly but is implied or suggested throughout the actions and details of the story*. There are several common universal themes: “Money can’t buy happiness.” “Don’t judge people based on the surface.” “It is better to die free than live under tyranny.

36. THEME(see pp. 6, 8, 1030, 1032, 1034 PH Literature) • *NOTE: As with thesis, a theme is NO”T simply the main idea of the story. Main ideas in literature may tell you what the story is about explicitly (clearly & directly stated), but THEMES in literature must be implied, suggested, and/or inferred (not directly stated). Example: • In the children’s story “Three Little Pigs,” the main idea could be described this way:Three pigs who build their own houses of three different materials, only to be harassed by an angry wolf. (…All of which are expressed and stated directly and explicitly in the story) • The THEME of “Three Little Pigs” can be described this way: Hard work pays off in the end. (…None of which is stated directly in the story)

37. “Let’s Practice”Read the selection, and then answer the questions in the following slide—you will need to come back to this slide to refer to the text before choosing your answer. "Sea Fever”by John Masefield I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky, And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by, And the wheel's kick and the wind's song and the white sail's shaking, And a gray mist on the sea's face, and a gray dawn breaking. I must down to the seas again, for the call of the running tide Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied; And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying, And the flung spray and the blown spume, and the sea-gulls crying. I must down to the seas again, to the vagrant gypsy life, To the gull's way and the whale's way, where the wind's like a whetted knife; And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover, And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick's over.

38. “Let’s Practice” What is the theme, or message, the author expresses in this poem? • Hard work never hurt anyone. • The simple things in life may be the best. • Everyone should learn to sail. • There should be freedom for all people. What words are repeated to point out the theme? • and the • to the seas • all I ask d. I must down

39. “Let’s Practice” What is the theme, or message, the author expresses in this poem? • Hard work never hurt anyone. • The simple things in life may be the best. • Everyone should learn to sail. • There should be freedom for all people. What words are repeated to point out the theme? • and the • to the seas • all I ask d. I must down

40. “Let’s Practice” • Humans, unlike many other animals, are omnivores. We require both vegetable matter and meat to be fully healthy (although some humans manage to survive reasonably healthily whilst consuming no animal products at all, finding their protein mainly in nuts and seeds). To carry out its many complicated functions, the human body requires different chemicals and substances. All of the nutrition we take in can be put in one of seven categories. These are; carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, minerals, vitamins, fats and water. Carbohydrates provide the body with energy. Proteins allow the body to repair itself and grow. Fiber aids the digestive system. Minerals and vitamins are required for many reasons. Deficiencies in any vitamin or mineral can lead to illnesses. Vitamins are essential for normal growth and development. Fats are often unnecessary, and many are bad for you. The body does not need to take in most fats, but the fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are necessary. The body is around 70% water. If water is not consumed, the body will dehydrate. The body loses water in excretion, sweating and breathing. It is advised that you should have a balanced diet, taking in food from each of the food groups, in proportion. Which sentence is the best thesis statement for an essay about the passage above?

41. Which sentence is the best thesis statement for an essay about the previous passage? • Humans, unlike many other animals, are omnivores. We require both vegetable matter and meat to be fully healthy . • All of the nutrition we take in can be put in one of seven categories. • To carry out its many complicated functions, the human body requires different chemicals and substances.

42. Which sentence is the best thesis statement for an essay about the previous passage? • Humans, unlike many other animals, are omnivores. We require both vegetable matter and meat to be fully healthy . • All of the nutrition we take in can be put in one of seven categories. • To carry out its many complicated functions, the human body requires different chemicals and substances. (This is the best answer because the majority of the passage explains how the various chemicals and substances— “protein, …fiber, …minerals” aid in various digestive and immunity functions for your body.)

43. Author’sTONE(see pp. 430, 441, 441, 445, 453, 608 PH Literature) • The author’s TONE is the author’s attitude towards the text or towards the audience. Tone may described in several ways—serious, playful, sarcastic, harsh, etc. • The tone in a story can be joyful, serious, humorous, sad, threatening, formal, informal, pessimistic, and optimistic. • The tone can change very quickly, or may remain the same throughout the story. Tone is expressed by your use of syntax, your point of view, your diction, and the level of formality in your writing. • Examples of tone in a story include just about any adjective you can imagine: • --Scared, --Anxious, --Excited, --Worried, --Foolish, --Smart, --Depressing… (See http://learnzillion.com/lessons/1988-evaluate-an-authors-word-choice-to-anticipate-tone for more on TONE)

44. Author’sTONE(see pp. 430, 441, 441, 445, 453, 608 PH Literature) • Tone in writing is conveyed by both the choices of words and the narrator of the story. • Consider the tone of The School by Donald Barthelme. Here, words like "death" and "depressing" set a negative or unhappy tone: • And the trees all died. They were orange trees. I don’t know why they died, they just died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn’t the best. We complained about it. So we’ve got thirty kids there, each kid had his or her own little tree to plant and we’ve got these thirty dead trees. All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing.

45. Author’sTONE(see pp. 430, 441, 441, 445, 453, 608 PH Literature) • In contrast, in Charlotte's Web, although the book is sad, the tone is one of peace and acceptance: • But I feel peaceful. Your success in the ring this morning was, to a small degree, my success. Your future is assured. You will live, secure and safe, Wilbur. Nothing can harm you now. These autumn days will shorten and grow cold. The leaves will shake loose from the trees and fall. Christmas will come, and the snows of winter. You will live to enjoy the beauty of the frozen world, for you mean a great deal to Zuckerman and he will not harm you, ever. Winter will pass, the days will lengthen, the ice will melt in the pasture pond. The song sparrow will return and sing, the frogs will awake, the warm wind will blow again. All these sights and sounds and smells will be yours to enjoy, Wilbur—this lovely world, these precious days…” • In A River Runs Through It, loss is also addressed with a kind of acceptance. The tone here is a bit wistful, yet peaceful and moving towards acceptance nonetheless. • This was the last fish we were ever to see Paul catch. My father and I talked about this moment several times later, and whatever our other feelings, we always felt it fitting that, when we saw him catch his last fish, we never saw the fish but only the artistry of the fisherman.

46. Author’sSTYLE(see pp. 441, 453, 461 PH Literature) • The author’s STYLE is his/her way of using language. It has much to do with the author’s diction (choice of words and phrases ), syntax ( sentence structure; arrangement of phrases and clauses), and tone (his/her feelings and/or attitude towards the text or the audience). • An author’s use of words and sentence structures may be described as formal or informal, technical or ordinary, sophisticated or conversational, etc. Examples: --Earnest Hemingway - minimalistic dialogue, masculine bias with a particular gritty ambiance. --Jane Austin – Femininity, naivety, gossipy dialogue. --Edgar Allan Poe - Gothic, detective, speculative, a bit on the grotesque.

47. Author’sPURPOSE(see pp. 4, 7, 118, 426, 429 PH Literature)

48. PURPOSE: Ask Yourself These Questions(see pp. 4, 7, 118, 426, 429 PH Literature)

49. “Let’s Practice” Read the selection, and then answer the questions that follow (next slide). • (1) Julia and Marissa moved into a small New York apartment, hoping to start careers as fashion designers. Other people in the building were also artists, and quite friendly. When winter came, many of them suffered with colds and flu, and several, including Julia, were caught in the grip of pneumonia. • (2) The illness made it hard for Julia to breathe. She slept a lot and when she was awake, she sat quietly in a chair, staring out the window and sighing. The constant struggle sapped her will to live and she refused the food Marissa fixed for her. Finally, Marissa asked the doctor if Julia would ever get better. He hesitated, then said, "Her only chance is to want to get better. The human body's a wonderful thing … it can heal, but we must help it by believing that it will. I'm afraid that without a change of heart, she won't make it.” • (10) Later, when Julia had greatly improved, Marissa whispered, "I need to tell you that … Johann has pneumonia. The super found him in the rain a few days ago. He'd just painted an oak leaf on that tree … because the last leaf had fallen." • (11) "Oh, Marissa," cried Julia. "He saved my life by making me want to be strong like the leaf and live. Now we must do something for him." And so they did.

50. “Let’s Practice” 1.What is the overall tone of the selection? a. angry • comical c.mysterious d.emotional 2.Whatis the tone of the lastparagraph? • frightening • hopeful • irritated • comical 3. What is the author's overall style? • friendly • mocking • playful d. creepy