Freedom and Partition in India

1. Freedom and Partition in India Chapter 9

2. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Gandhi saw his life as the search for ultimate truths and self- transformation (#2)

3. Gandhi (#3)Born: Oct. 2, 1869Porbandar,Gujarat Died: Jan. 30, 1948Assassinated

4. Gandhi and His Wife Kasturba Gandhi married Gandhi at age 13 years old (1883) (#4)

5. Mohandas Gandhi • Born into a middle class family • Leader of India’s freedom movement (INC) • Left for Britain at age 17 to study law (#5) • Lawyer – trained in Britain, practiced in South Africa • Helped unite the various groups within India to fight for a common cause

9. First Action for Indian Civil Rights • In South Africa, fighting for Indian rights (#6 & 7) • Train ride and effects: thrown off the train for refusing to move to 3rd class where non-whites were expected to sit • Effects: humiliation lead to his desire for change and how to get justice • Civil Disobedience – The active refusal to obey unjust laws or the demands of an oppressive government (#7) • Non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good. • Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer (#7) andreconciliation • Non-violence – ex. Rosa Parks, MLK Jr.

10. Lawyer in South Africa

11. Appealing to all Indians – Returned to India 1915 at age 45 (#8)Clip 56:21 – 59:00 Gandhi Movie

12. Gandhi’s Principles • His beliefs were a blend of Hindu and Christian beliefs • Non-violent resistance to end injustice • Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer • Inspiration • Hindu – nonviolence, respect for all life • Christianity – love one’s enemies • Mahatma: Great Soul

13. Himalayan Blunder • Although this nation-wide strike hit the British hard, and led to thousands of Indians being jailed, in 1922 it erupted into violence. • A mob of “Satyagrahis” lit fire to a police station, killing two dozen police officers trapped inside. • Gandhi called off the entire Satyagraha • mistakenly believed that his followers truly understood non-violence • Gandhi Movie Clip – 1:17: 22 -1:24

14. Gandhi’s Principles • He wanted the world to see the injustice in India without using violence • Gandhi wanted the British to see the err in their wrong doings • The same principles were used with apartheid in South Africa • Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer

15. Yo Yo Yo GANDHI RAPS #1 Gandhi’s Principles

16. Amritsar Massacre 1919 • Causes #10 • Oppressive new laws limited freedoms • Rowlatt Acts • trials without juries • permitted internment of suspects without trial • Ban on mass meetings • Limited freedom of press • protest against the arrest of two leaders of the Indian National Congress in 1919

19. “The Indians were ‘packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies’; the people ‘ran madly this way and the other. When fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves onto the ground, and fire was then directed on the ground. This continued for eight or ten minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion…” Winston Churchill

20. Amritsar Massacre • British Brig. Gen. who led the massacre was removed from duty but some honored him at home for crushing the Indians Rattan Devi stated, ''I saw three men writhing in great pain and a boy of about 12. I could not leave the place. The boy asked me for water but there was no water in that place. At 2 am, a Jat who was lying entangled on the wall asked me to raise his leg. I went up to him and took hold of his clothes drenched in blood and raised him up. Heaps of bodies lay there, a number of them innocent children. I shall never forget the sight. I spent the night crying and watching..." clip from 1:24 – 1:31 show clip Amritsar Massacre

21. Amritsar Massacre • 'The Martyr's' well at Jallianwala Bagh • Other than those got shot, many died by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting

22. Amritsar Massacre

23. Results of Amritsar Massacre (#10) • Effects: • 379 Indians dead - 1,100 Indians injured • Ridiculous Rules forced against the Indians • All Indians must crawl on their hands and knees on a city street • Indiscriminate whippings • British General Dyer, removed from duty but some honored him at home • “Teach Indians a lesson” • Turning Point for India’s struggle for complete independence • Nationalist movement took off • All Indians united against British • Gandhi became one of the masses

24. Yo Yo Yo GANDHI RAPS #2 Amritsar Massacre

25. Indian Self-Reliance (#11) (#12) To be seen as the leader of all Indians; connected with the masses; Bapu: Father • Gandhi won the support of all groups by stressing India’s heritage and Self-reliance Gandhi Clip 1:34 – 1:41 – Speech British Cloth • Examples • Gave up Western ways • Spun his own cotton, wore simple white clothing • Western clothes symbolized cultural dependence • Vegetarianism • Wanted to reform caste system (untouchables) • Included Muslims

26. Non Violent Protests • Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of civil disobedience • Non-Cooperation • Boycotted British made goods • Supported workers strikes • Did not want lose the moral high ground and threatened by acts of violence(#13) • The Salt March • Quit India Movement

27. The Salt March – 1930 (#14) • Indians were not allowed to make their own salt • They had to purchase heavily taxed British salt • Gandhi led Indians on a march over 200 miles to the Arabian Sea • Starts with 80 people ends with hundreds of thousands • They made their own once they reached the ocean • Gandhi movie clip 2:04:20 – 2:20:58

28. The Salt March – 1930 (#14) • Effects: (#14) • Gandhi and 50,000 protester were arrested • British violence against protesters • Britain responded with violence to the satyagraha protests • Worldwide interest and debate especially in Great Britain whether to hold on to India

30. Amritsar Massacre Amritsar Massacre

31. Yo Yo Yo GANDHI RAPS #3 Salt March

33. August 1942 Gandhi demands independence for India (#15)

34. Gandhi Jailed (#16) • Jailed for his announcement of the Quit India Movement and the “Do or Die” mantra (#16) • At age 73 • Issues b/c of leadership arrests

35. ‘Do or Die’ Speech • Starts the Quit India Movement – August 8, 1942 • I am not going to be satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. May be, he will propose the abolition of salt tax, the drink evil, etc. But I will say, “Nothing less than freedom.”Here is a mantra, a short one, that I give you. You may imprint it on your hearts and let every breath of yours give expression to it. The mantra is : ‘Do or Die’. We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery. Every true Congressman or woman will join the struggle with an inflexible determination not to remain alive to see the country in bondage and slavery.

36. WWII – Quit India (#17) • Gandhi leads non-support efforts in India during World War II – • not part of Atlantic Charter • Massive civil disobedience campaign and riots • India would support Britain if they were granted immediate independence, Britain refused • Mass arrests on Indians • The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed with thousands of arrests & suppression of civil rights

37. WWII – Quit India (#17) • Importance of the Quit India Movement : • British government astonished by observing the powerful nationalistic feelings of the Indians added with anti-British feeling • convinced the British Government that their days were numbered in India and they had to free the country – anti-British feeling too much • The Quit India Movement quickened the process of freedom. (#17) • India gains independence August 15, 1947 (#18)

38. Yo Yo Yo GANDHI RAPS #4 Quit India Movement

39. Gandhi & Hindu/Muslim Conflict • Brought by the prospect of independence (#18) • Deep differences led to conflict - historical conflict • some cooperation at first • division between INC and Muslim League • Gandhi hoped the two could live peacefully together, with independence • Muslims fears • the Hindu Nationalists would not grant them rights • Muslim feared being a minority in a Hindu nation =own nation • the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demands for a separate Muslim nation (#18)

40. Two Nations; disappointed Gandhi • August 15, 1947: Indian Independence (#17) – Britain no longer had resources to rule • Indian Independence Act (1947) • Pakistan: August 14, 1947 • India: August 15, 1947 • (#21) Non-violent Revolution • Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India. • Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy of India in 1947 and he oversaw the creation of the independent states of India and Pakistan. • Gandhi Clip 2:34:57- 2:36:54 and 2:39:24

41. Yo Yo Yo GANDHI RAPS #5 Independence of India

42. (East Pakistan)

44. JawaharlalNehru • Ally of Gandhi. • 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964.

45. Pakistan • Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah • governor-general of a newly formed Pakistan. • Conflicts in Pakistan divides (1972) • W. Pakistan = Pakistan • E. Pakistan = Bangladesh

46. Two Nations; disappointed Gandhi The subcontinent was divided (partitioned) into: • Muslim: Pakistan - to protect Muslin minority – Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Hindu: India • Gandhi refused to celebrate Indian independence b/c of the violence, Heartbroken (#18)

47. Yo Yo Yo GANDHI RAPS #6 Formation of Pakistan

48. Hindu-Muslim Conflict • At partition, Mutual violence during mass migration (#18) • 500,000 died in the fighting between the two nations • Gandhi: guilt b/c he failed to convert people to non-violence • Gandhi’s Hunger strike to end the violence (#19) • successful

49. Gandhi Clip 2:42-2:44:32

50. British Empire in Color • Video – 38:58 – 48:19 – Hindu Muslim Conflict