Segre gation and the Disenfranchisement of the South

1. Segregation and the Disenfranchisement of the South

3. SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. b. Analyze how rights were denied to African- Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence.

4. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson made segregation the law of the land until 1954. U.S. Supreme Court upheld Jim Crow Laws with a vote of 7-1. 1899 Cummings v. Richmond County Board of Education upheld Georgia laws to create “separate but equal” schools. Supreme Court Decisions

5. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 In addition to the indirect and illegal denial of civil rights blacks encountered legal set backs. The US Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson approved officially segregated facilities.

7. Jim Crow Laws • Laws passed in the South that set up a system of legal separation between the races in public places • Named After a minstrel song-and-dance routine Defacto Discrimination • discrimination resulted in the practiceof discrimination, but was not upheld by law

8. “Separate but Equal” • The court found that states could legally separate the races by providing “separate but equal” facilities. This, according to the S. Court, would not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment • Of course, from schools to waiting rooms at train stations the facilities were not equal.

9. Political Rights After Reconstruction • Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were all used to deny blacks the right to vote. • The 15thamendment was circumvented.

10. Poll Tax • a capital tax levied equally on every adult in the community. Although no longer a significant source of revenue for any major country, the poll tax did provide large sums for many governments until well into the 1800s. The tax has long been attacked as being an unfair burden upon those less able to pay. In the United States, the poll tax has been connected with voting rights. Poll taxes enacted in Southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting. By the 1940s some of these taxes had been abolished, and in 1964 the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution disallowed the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. In 1966 this prohibition was extended to all elections by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that such a tax violated the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.

11. Segregated Drinking Fountain • Routine acts like using a rest room or getting a drink were an exercise in humiliation for blacks. • Blacks who challenged “Jim Crow” laws often met with violence.

12. Disenfranchisement of Black voters • In 1900, 12% of population in United States were Blacks 47% of population in Georgia were Blacks 1908 • Georgia enacted the Grandfather Clause, which only allow black males to vote if their grandfather or fathers were eligible to vote in 1867. • Strict voting requirements 1. Own property 2. Poll Tax 3. Literacy tests • Gerrymanderingestablished voting districts to weaken Black voting power

13. Lynching • A mob’s illegal seizure and execution of a suspected criminal or troublemaker

14. Great Migration 1910-20 • Some blacks “voted with their feet” leaving the South for Northern cities. • While there was racial injustice in the North, there were opportunities too! Cities like New York, Chicago, and Detroit greatly increased their black population.

15. Literacy Test Literacy test were used to determine voter eligibility, the following test was given in Alabama in 1965 • In Groups of three you will complete the literacy test. • You may not use any resources other than yourself. • The group with the most correct answers will get 100 to replace their lowest grade in the grade book (cannot replace a unit test grade) • Good luck!!!

16. SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon.

17. Significant Leaders W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington

18. W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) • Born in Massachusetts • Attended school where he excelled academically • Attended Fisk University in Tennessee • 1895 first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard • Supporter of Pan- Africanism the belief that all African Americans should join together and work to conquer prejudice

19. W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) • Taught at the University Level • Protested and fought against injustices of racial discrimination • 1909 with the help of Mary White Ovington they formed the NAACP • Authored several books • 1961 He moved to Ghana Africa , where he spent the remainder of his life as a communist party member.

20. W.E.B. DuBois’ Views on Civil Rights • He believed that Blacks needed to protest the social and political system NOW, and demand social equality NOW!! 2. Renounced Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise Speech” (It was too accommodating to the present injustices of the day, and only action will bring change!!) 3. Founder of Niagara Movement in 1905with 29 other Black leaders in Niagara Falls, Canada

21. Du Bois, said in the Niagara Movement’s Manifesto, “We want full manhood suffrageand we want it now…. We are men! We want to be treated as men. And we shall win.”

22. Beliefs • African Americans should be free to pursue a college education in Advanced liberal arts education • African Americans should openly strive for their rights • College educated African American would have the best opportunity to turn the “flood of discrimination”

24. born a slave in Hale's Ford, Virginia, reportedly on April 5, 1856. After emancipation, he worked in salt furnaces and coal mines beginning at age nine an intelligent and curious child, he yearned for an education and was frustrated when he could not receive good schooling locally Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

25. at 16 his parents allowed him to quit work to go to school. They had no money to help him, so he walked 200 miles to attend the Hampton Institute in Virginia and paid his tuition and board there by working as the janitor. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

26. Washington became a teacher. He first taught in his home town, then at the Hampton Institute, and then in 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. • He traveled the country unceasingly to raise funds from blacks and whites both; soon he became a well-known speaker.

27. In 1895, Washington was asked to speak at the opening of the Cotton States Exposition, an unprecedented honor for an African American. His Atlanta Compromise speech explained his major thesis, that blacks could secure their constitutional rights through their own economic and moral advancement rather than through legal and political changes.

28. He angered some blacks who feared it would encourage the foes of equal rights, whites approved of his views. • His major achievement was to win over diverse elements among southern whites, without whose support the programs he envisioned and brought into being would have been impossible. • He died on November 14, 1915.

29. Beliefs • Africans should develop practical vocation skills to acquire property and lead to economic prosperity • Africans could succeed in occupations that whites needed them to fill • African Americans should stop demanding equal rights and through compromise get along with whites

30. Tuskegee Institute • Booker T. Washington’s formula Economic success + Equality Education = Washington opened what would become Tuskegee Institute in 1881 to train blacks to become teachers.

31. Du Bois Washington vs. Gradually gain rights. Full civil rights now!

32. Booker T. Washington believed that equality would come through vocational education. He accepted social segregation. Du Bois believed education was meaningless without equality. N.A.A.C.P. formed to fight for political equality. He led what was called “The Niagara Movement”. W.E.B Booker T.

33. While DuBois and Washington debated how to get equality, much of the country stayed in the grip of “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws separated the races at movies, ball games, schools, etc. Segregation’s Grip

34. (1868 to1936) Born to a Scottish father and Black mother who were married in Augusta, GA Treated well until father died when John was 8. Instead of passing off as just white, he became proud of his Black heritage Educated in New England, and graduated from Brown University (RI) Became professor at Atlanta Baptist Collegein 1899 John Hope

35. John Hope’s Views on Civil Rights • Shared same views as Du Bois that social action and protest will create change • “If we are not striving for equality, in heaven’s name, for what are we living?” He believed that all Blacks must stand up for and “demand social equality.” 3. Co-founder of Niagara Movement in 1905

36. John Hope’s Accomplishments • First Black president of Atlanta Baptist College (Morehouse) in 1906, and Atlanta University in 1929. • One of the community leaders which helped restore calm after Atlanta Riots in 1906. • President of National Association of Teachers and Colored Schools • Worked with YMCA and National Studies of Negro Life and History • Lead in creating the Atlanta University Center (consolidating six black schools) • Also advocated for job opportunities, better housing, recreational facilities, and health care throughout nation

37. LugeniaBurns Hope *** Community organizer, reformer social activist

38. Poster*** • Create poster: • Write the Standard – SS8H7 - The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. • Who – Was the leader. • What – What they believed • When – Year born – Year died • Where – Places this leader traveled to. • How – Did this leader • Why – Was their ideas important

39. EQ*** How did influential African Americans influence social, political and economic change? Homework complete compare contrast sheet. Due January 7.

40. Standards focused on Economic Changes in GeorgiaSS8H7a The student will evaluate the impact of . . . Henry Grady and International Cotton ExpositionSS8E1 The student will give examples of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods.SS8E3 The student will evaluate the influence of Georgia’s economic growth and development.B. Explain how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a businessC. Evaluate the importance of entrepreneurs in Georgia such as enterprises Coca-Cola

41. Which of the following describes the meaning of profit as it pertains to economics? *** A. Accumulation of debt a business incurs from investing B. The difference between the amount earned and the amount spent when operating a business C. The savings a business can acquire by buying its materials in bulk D. An advantage a business has by specializing in a certain type of product

42. Entrepreneurs A. Rich’s Department Stores 1. Morris Rich began in 1867 and moved into downtown Atlanta in 1924. 2. Became the “Store to Shop At” due to: a. Involvement in community traditions (i.e., Pink Pig, Christmas Tree and Hanukkah lightings) b. Helping customers during hard times 1. Farmers buy with farm produce 2. Allowed teachers use of scrip

43. Coca- Cola 1. After Civil War, Atlanta druggist John S. Pemberton developed a “Nerve Tonic’ or “French Wine Cola.” 2. In 1885 attempted to change recipe due to Temperance Movement (remove alcohol) 3. In 1888 Pemberton sold rights to Asa Chandler for $2,300

44. Coca- Cola 4. 1892 sold drug store and started Coca-Cola Co. 5. Woodruff’s bought company for $25 million in 1919—international success due to: a. Advertising b. Supplying U.S. soldiers and Europeans during WWII c. Patented bottle

45. . Alonzo Herndon 1. Herndon was born in 1858 as a slave, and worked as a sharecropper for three years. 2. He moved to Atlanta to obtain a skill, which was becoming a barber. 3. Herndon eventually earned enough money to start his own shop called the Crystal Palace.

46. . Alonzo Herndon 4. All of his employees were Black and all his clients were white due to segregation in Atlanta. 5. Alonzo Herndon became the wealthiest Black businessman in Atlanta by three attributes: a. Hard work b. Saving his money c. Investing wisely 6. Herndon exhibited his pride in his African- American heritage in his murals at his home. They told of scenes from Africa, when Herndon was a slave, and how he became successful.

47. Little Progress in Area of Civil Rights • There were some economic gains for black Americans in the North. • But the era from 1900 - 1920’s saw a resurgence of the KKK and an increase in lynchings in the South.

48. EQ How did influential African Americans influence social, political and economic change? Homework complete compare contrast sheet. Due January 7.

49. Quick Review

50. New Industries a. Textile mills developed in Atlanta and Fall Line b. Lumber 1. Paper products 2. Naval stores (pine tar, pitch, turpentine, etc.) 3. Furniture c. Mining 1. kaolin (white clay for paper) 2. gold and coal 3. bauxite (aluminum)