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CRUSH COURSE SESSION 1

In this session, Dr. Jaime Flowers discusses effective study methods and measurement techniques. Learn about learning styles, research on studying, and practical tips for retaining information. Also, explore different measurement procedures and their advantages and disadvantages.

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CRUSH COURSE SESSION 1

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  1. CRUSH COURSE SESSION 1 Dr. Jaime Flowers

  2. Administration • Who am I? • How did this come about? • Mock Exam Issues • Course Issues

  3. Outline

  4. Let’s Talk about How to Study

  5. Learning Styles

  6. Learning Styles

  7. Research

  8. What the Research says about Studying • Use print materials • Listen to music while studying • Exercise first

  9. What does The research say about studying • Relax prior to studying • Study when you are tired and than get rest • Change you Scenery when studying

  10. Study methods • The gist of the "curve of forgetting" is this: • The first time you hear a lecture or study something new, you retain up to 80% of what you’ve just learned -- if you review the material within 24 hours. • Fortunately, this effect is cumulative; so after a week, you may retain 100% of the same information after only five minutes of review. • Generally, psychologists agree this type of interval studying -- as opposed to "cramming" -- is best, and that students should study closer to the day they learned the material than the day of the test.

  11. Study Methods • Active recall: closing the book and reciting everything they can remember up to that point to practice long-term memorization.

  12. Study Methods • Named for its originator, German scientist Sebastian Leitner, the study method forces students to learn, through repetition, the material they know least well. • The system involves moving cards with correctly answered questions further down a line of boxes and moving incorrectly answered cards back to the first box. • Thus, the cards in the first box are studied most frequently and the interval becomes greater as the student proceeds down the line, forcing her to review again and again the information she doesn't know.

  13. Study Methods

  14. Study Methods • Take on the roll of the teacher

  15. Basic Measurement Systems(1 minute BreaK)

  16. Measurement (a1 to a5)) • Continuous • What is the advantage of continuous measurement? • What is the disadvantage of continuous measurement?

  17. Measurement (a1 to a5)

  18. Rate Problems • If you observed 10 counts of hitting in 2 hours what is the rate? • If you observed 30 counts of stereotype in 3 hours what is the rate? • If you observed 90 counts of nose picking in 30 minutes what is the rate? 

  19. A-06 Percent of Occurrence • A ratio (i.e. a proportion) formed by combining the same dimensional quantities such as count or time expressed as a number of parts per 100.

  20. A-07 Measures Trials to Criterion • A special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a preestablished level of accuracy or proficiency (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007).

  21. IOA(I minute Break)

  22. A-08 IOA • Inter-observer agreement: the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). • https://www.abainternational.org/media/31416/examplespreadsheet.pdf

  23. A-08 IOA

  24. Accuracy and Reliability

  25. A-09 Reliability And Accuracy of Graphs • Accuracy: The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). • Reliability:Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). • Validity: The extent that the measures what it purports to measure.

  26. A-09 Reliability And Accuracy of Graphs • What are threats to Validity? • Measuring behavior that is not socially significant • Measuring the wrong the dimension • What are threats to Reliability? • Human error • Bad measurement systems • Unintended influences • Measurement bias • Observer drift

  27. Measurement Bias • Nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event

  28. Observer Drift • Any unintended change in the way an observer uses the measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observer’s interpretation of the original definitions of the target behavior subsequent to being trained.

  29. Graphs

  30. A-10 Design Graphs

  31. A-11 Cumulative Records • Cumulative Record: a type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope  of the data path, the greater the response rate (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007).

  32. Discontinuous and Continuous Procedures(5 Minute Break)

  33. A-12 Continuous procedures • Continuous Measurement: Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the responses class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007).

  34. A-13 Discontinuous Procedures • Discontinuous measurement:measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007).

  35. A-13 Types of Discontinuous Procedures

  36. Choice Measures

  37. A-14 Choice Measures

  38. Graph Displays and Visual Analysis(1 Minute Break)

  39. H-01/H-02 Selecting Measurement Systems and observation schedule • Measurement system • Length of behavior • Magnitude of Behavior • Frequency of behavior • Observation Schedules: • Times of day • Days of week • Weather • Activities • MOs

  40. H-03 Data Display • Types of graphs • Line Graph • Bar Graph • Cumulative record • Standard Celeration Chart

  41. H-04 Level Trend Variability

  42. H-05 Visual Anaylsis

  43. Test Questions 1 (minute Break)

  44. Test Questions • Tools used in continuous measurement, sometimes referred to as event recording, might include all of the following EXCEPT__________. • Marbles • tally marks • stop-watch • whole interval data sheet • Answer: whole interval data sheet

  45. Questions • Which is a false statement about the requirements of IOA? • IOA observers must use the same observation code •  IOA observers must measure the same participants and events •  IOA observers must always score videotapes together • IOA observers must observe and record the behavior independent of influence by other observers Answer: IOA observers must always score videotapes together

  46. QUESTIONS • Graphs are considered a _______________ _______________; devices that help the practitioner or experimenter interpret the results of a study or treatment. • Proper decision • Statistical tool • Treatment aid •  Judgmental aid ANSWER:  Judgmental aid

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