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World History

Explore the influence of religion on daily life in ancient Egypt, including the worship of gods and goddesses, beliefs about the afterlife, mummification, social structure, advances in learning, and the significance of art and literature.

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World History

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  1. World History Chapter 2: Section Four

  2. Egyptian Civ. • Religion affected daily life in Egypt • What we know comes from inscriptions on walls and tombs

  3. Gods and Goddesses • Sun god was tops – Re • Became associated with Amon • Called Amon-Re – great god • Pharaohs received right to rule from Amon-Re • Osiris and Isis – Osiris ruled underworld and the Nile – controlled annual flood • Isis – taught women to weave cloth, grind corn, spin flax and raise children

  4. Amenhotep IV – tried to reshape religion • He served Aton – minor god • Changed name to Akhenaton • Ordered priests to only serve Aton • Most ignored him and after he died they went back to their old ways

  5. Afterlife • All Egyptians believed in afterlife • Soul had to pass test to win eternal life • Ferried across lake of fire to Hall of Osiris – heart was weighed against the feather of truth • Sinners – fed to the Eater of Death • Worthy – field of food – live forever • To survive underworld – used book of the dead – spells, charms, formulas

  6. Preparation of the Dead • Afterlife – much like life on Earth • Buried dead with everything they would need • Mummification - preservation of the body – embalm, wrap in cloth • At first only rulers/nobles • Then ordinary people and pets

  7. Tutankhamen • New Kingdom – pharaohs buried in the Valley of the Kings • Tombs filled with treasure – robbed long ago • Tutankhamen’s tomb untouched and offered many artifacts and information • Solid gold coffin etc. on display in Cairo museum

  8. Society • Pharaoh at the top with royal family • Government officials • High priests and priestesses • Merchants, scribes, artisans • Peasants and slaves • Most people were farmers – offseason – they worked for Pharaoh building palaces, temples, tombs

  9. Social Change • Trade and warfare increased • More trade = more money = more business opportunities = more business for artisans

  10. Women • Generally had a higher status than in other civilizations • Ramses II said a woman could go where she wanted and no one could stop her • Own property, business deals, buy and sell, go to court, obtain a divorce • Women made perfumes, textiles, doctors, managed estates, priests • Few women learned to read and write • If they did they were still excluded from government

  11. Advances in Learning • Developed writing – multiple • Hieroglyphics – system of pictures represent objects, concepts or sounds • Often carved in stone • Hieratic – simpler writing for everyday use – cursive form of writing by simplifying hieroglyphs

  12. Papyrus – paper like writing material from plants • Writing on this was easier than chiseling in stone • Official writing was still done in stone

  13. Rosetta Stone • Meanings of hieroglyphs lost • 1800’s – Jean Champollion deciphered hieroglyphs by decoding the Rosetta Stone • Flat black stone – has the same passage in three languages – hieroglyphs, demotic script, Greek • By comparing them, found the meaning of many hieroglyphs • Scholars could now read ancient records of Egypt

  14. Science and Math • Accumulated knowledge in medicine, astronomy, math • Physicians believed in magic • Learned about the body through mummification • Could diagnose and cure • Performed surgeries • Used herbal remedies • Mapped constellations –calendar 12 months, 30 days • Geometry to survey land and build pyramids

  15. Egyptian Art and Literature • Statues, paintings, poems, stories, carvings • Show everyday scenes in life: Farming, family life, ceremonies • The larger the person drawn / Carved = importance • Sphinx – pharaoh as lion / man

  16. Literature • Oldest – hymns and prayers to gods, proverbs and love poems

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