School Policing in Santa Clara County April 4, 2017

1. School Policing in Santa Clara CountyApril 4, 2017

2. Presentation Outline • Spotlight on School Policing • History • SCCOE Study Findings • Best Practices • Next Steps 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

3. Spotlight on school policing 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

4. What is School Policing? Law enforcement, related counseling or education activities performed by career law enforcement officers assigned to work at schools in collaboration with school and community based organizations. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

5. Goal for all Schools To provide students, faculty, and staff an educational environment that is conducive to quality education. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

6. Event Name

7. Benefits • On-site partner in safety that acts as a visible deterrent to crime • Prevent harm from external agents • Prevent student-on-student harm • Reduce the need for involvement of external law enforcement personnel • Allow for positive interactions between law enforcement personnel and youth 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

8. Considerations • Incidents of excessive force • School-to-prison pipeline • Disproportionate rates of disciplinary action among students of color, those with disabilities, and LGBTQ students 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

9. Efforts to Keep Kids in Schools • Concerted efforts to reverse the tide of “zero-tolerance” discipline policies and improve school climate • Passage of Assembly Bill 420 • Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports • Restorative Justice Programs 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

10. History 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

11. 1950s • First programs arose in Flint, Michigan in an effort to foster relationships between local police and youth. • Officers were placed in schools on a full-time basis and were to serve as teachers and counselors. • Focus on keeping kids safe from external harms 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

12. 1970s • School districts succeeded in passing legislation permitting the development of district-operated police departments • Officers were fully sworn and commissioned yet were school district employees • The National Advisory Commission released Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (1973) which recognized SRO programs as a public service 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

13. 1990s to Present Day • National Association of School Resource Officers (NASRO) founded in 1991 • NASRO has become the leader in SRO training • NASRO endorses a triad approach to school policing 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

14. Triad Model for School Policing Teacher SRO Law Enforcement Officer Counselor 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

15. School Policing in Santa Clara County 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

16. Procedures • Surveying district/school administrators and SROs on issues related to school policing • Conducting focus groups with high school students to gather input on school safety, interactions with SROs, and discipline • Stakeholder and planning meetings with Superintendents and Chiefs of Police • Gathering researchon best practices, exemplar models country-wide, and other relevant resources 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

17. Goals • Determine the state of school policing practices in Santa Clara County schools • Identify best practices for student discipline by school administrators, school resource officers (SROs)and counselors • Survey perception of SRO knowledge and training by administrators and students • Consideration of a county-wide MOU template 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

18. School Administrator Surveys Demographics Completed by 73/79 (82%) School Principals Representing 26/31 (84%) School Districts 42/79 (53%) of Administrators Work at Schools with PBIS 41/82 (50%) of Administrators Work at Schools with SROs 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

19. Perceived SRO Impact Our current practices using SROs or other types of campus police is effective. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

20. Perceived SRO Impact Having SROs or other type of campus police on our school campus has resulted in a safe environment for students/family/staff. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

21. Perceived SRO Impact Having SROs or other type of campus police helps to deescalate incidents requiring students to be disciplined. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

22. Top 3 SRO Activities #1 Engage in casual conversations with students to build positive relationships (94%) #2 Develop an effective working relationship with school staff to identify resources that support student/family/staff member needs (88%) #3 Provide safe environment for student/family/staff member to seek avenues for information to make informed decisions(82%) & Respond to/Investigate criminal offenses on school campus. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

23. Knowledgeable About . . . 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

24. District Administrator Surveys Demographics Completed by 20/25 (80%) Superintendents & Directors of Student Services Representing 25/31 (81%) School Districts Administrators from 13/17 (76%) Districts Seek to Maintain or Increase Current SROs 17/26 (56%) of Administrators Work in Districts with SROs 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

25. Perceived SRO Impact and Administrator vs. SRO Knowledge Responses to questions on perceived SRO impact and knowledge baserelative to school administrators mirrored those of school administrators. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

26. SRO Roles and MOUs 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

27. SRO Surveys Demographics 6/9 (67%) of SROs Have Held Position for 2-5 Years Completed by 10/15 (67%) SRO or Equivalent 8/9 (89%) Volunteered or Applied/Tested for SRO Position 9/9 (100%) Assigned to More Than One School 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

28. Successful SRO Practices What practices/behaviors facilitate being a successful SRO? How would you define a “successful” SRO? A “successful” SRO is one that builds positive relationships with students and/or interacts with students in a positive way. • Exercise good communication skills • Understand and relate to students • Maintain a non-disciplinary presence 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

29. recommendations 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

30. Conditions for SRO Success ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION REQUIRED TRAINING HOLISTIC APPROACH CLEARLY DEFINED ROLES 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

31. Delineation of Roles • School Administrators and Educators must be directly involved in the development of discipline policies and their administration • Student discipline should be handled by school administrators • Roles should be clearly defined in an MOU 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

32. Essential MOU Components Supervision responsibility and command chain Definitions of routine vs. non-routine discipline Training description Description of partner roles and activities MOU Data collection and performance monitoring Terms of scheduling Terms of information sharing Statement of student rights and responsibilities 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

33. Utilize a Holistic Approach Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model of Child Development 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

34. School System Programs • Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports (PBIS) • Multi-Tiered System and Supports (MTSS) • Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) • Restorative Justice Programs 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

35. Training Education Code Section 38000 “Every school police reserve officer shall complete a course of training approved by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training relating directly to the role of school police reserve officers. The school police reserve officer training course shall address guidelines and procedures for reporting offenses to other law enforcement agencies that deal with violence on campus and other school related matters, as determined by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.” 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

36. Training Opportunities • The majority of SROs listed the CA Commission on Peace Officer Standards Training (POST) Core Course as their training mechanism • NASRO provides numerous other basic and specialized courses • Costs range from $199 to $495 for non-members • Lengths range from single- to five-day seminars • Strategies for Youth Trainings 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

37. Evaluation and Assessment • Assessments: • Help determine school site needs • Establish roles/responsibilities of SROs and School Administrators • Provide a useful tool for generating feedback 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

38. Evaluation and Assessment • Evaluations: • Help to determine if the program is having the intended (or any unintended) effects • Provide supplemental information for SRO performance evaluations • Truancies • Disciplinary referrals • Suspensions • Expulsions • Classroom distractions • Event response times • Student support • Conflict resolution • Perceptions of school safety • Perceptions of officers • Awareness of implicit bias • Cultural competence 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

39. Next Steps 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

40. Next Steps - MOUs • Develop new MOUs/agreements where needed • Update existing MOUs/agreements to ensure essential components are included • Ensure that all parties are familiar with the terms set by MOUs/agreements 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

41. Next Steps – Holistic Approaches • Promote safe and healthy schoolsin Santa Clara County • The SCCOE’s Safe and Healthy Schools Department has established the SCC School Climate Leadership Team • Guide for students and families can be found at www.sanjoseca.gov. 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

42. Expand Implementation of Best Practices • The SCCOE provides school linked services: • Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports • 7 Districts • Alternative Education Program • Parent Engagement Initiative • 11 Districts • University Preparatory Academy • Coordinated School Health • All districts in the County 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

43. Next Steps - Training • Work with SROs and law enforcement to identify training needs and opportunities • Working with: • Student with special needs • Students with disabilities • Students with mental health needs • Foster youth and homeless students • Establish policies for continuing education/ training as it relates to school policing 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

44. Thank You! External Contributors Chiefs of Police, District Attorneys School Resource Officers and Supervisors School and District Administrators Homestead, William C. Overfelt and Christopher High School Students Juvenile Justice System Collaborative Juvenile Justice Commission Dr. Roxana Marachi, Associate Professor, San Jose State University 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

45. Thank You! Internal Contributors Irina Shacter, MS, Research Analyst, Special Projects Rocio Palacios, Administrative Assistant, Special Projects David Villegas, PhD, Research Analyst, Special Projects Patricia Marquez, Safe and Healthy Schools Specialist Sonia Gutierrez, MPH, Health & Wellness Supervisor, Safe and Healthy Schools Rebecca Mendiola, EdD, Director, Safe and Healthy Schools 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium

46. Questions/Comments Mary Ann Dewan, Ph.D. Deputy Superintendent Santa Clara County Office of Education MaryAnn_Dewan@sccoe.org 3rd Annual Northern California PBIS/School Climate Symposium