Chapter 4 Civil War

1. Chapter 4 Civil War

2. The Union Dissolves • Lincoln takes office in 1861 • 7 states already have seceded from the Union • To preserve the Union Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, proposed the Crittenden Compromise in 1860.

3. Crittenden Compromise • This plan called for the old Missouri Compromise line to be drawn west through the remaining territories. • North line: slavery would be illegal • South line: slavery could expand • Lincoln rejected the plan

4. The Union Dissolves • Lincoln wanted to end slavery; however it was not his main objective. • Lincoln wanted to preserve the UNION. • Lincoln supported the part of the Crittenden Compromise that would protect slavery where it already existed. • Lincoln insisted to Southerners that secession was unconstitutional.

5. The Fall of Fort Sumter • South did not want to be part of the Union. • Confederacy took over many federal forts, mints, and arsenals within its borders during the secession crisis.

6. The Fall of Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter very important to the South. • Had a strategic location in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. • South needed the fort to control access to this major port city. • The fort soon became the Confederates. • Lincoln wanted the fort back but 8 more states threatened to secede if he attacked the Confederacy.

7. The Fall of Fort Sumter • Lincoln sent supplies to the fort in hopes that the South would fire on the ships and be the aggressors. • April 12th Confederates fire on Fort Sumter • After 34 hours the South surrenders and surprisingly NO one is dead.

8. Choosing Sides • North was not worried about loosing Northern states. • Boarder states had to pick a side. • Missouri and Kentucky sympathized with the South but never seceded. • Maryland stays with the North. • The mountainous counties of VA became West Virginia and became part of the Union. • The Upper South's white population remained divided. • Lincolns four brothers and 3 brother in laws fought for the Confederate Army.

9. South Only had to fight a defensive war. Excellent military leadership Robert E. Lee Comparing the North and the South • North • 22 million residents • Controlled more than 85% of the nations industry and significant material resources. • Produced military supplies and replaced lost or damaged equipment • Better railroads • Had majority of the navy.

10. Robert E. Lee • Captured abolitionist John Brown in Harpers Ferry. • Opposed Slavery and Secession • Would NOT fight against Virginia.

11. The Armies • Native Americans and African Americans both served in the Union Army and Confederate Army. • Indians serving for the Confederate Army did so in hopes of an all Indian state.

12. 1st Battle of Bull Run • With both sides poorly trained Lincoln orders troops to Richmond, VA.

13. Fighting at Manassas • McDowell's troops never reach Richmond. • Confederates met the McDowell and his Union troops at Manassas Junction.

14. Fighting at Manassas • General Joseph E. Johnston took his Confederate troops and dug in on high ground behind a creek known as Bull Run. • 1st Battle of Bull Run: Northerners • Battle of Manassas: Southerners • Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates at Bull Run. • 1st time people realized the war would las more than a few months. • Confederates Win • Confederates get a false hope of security • Union becomes more determined • Lee in charge of South and McClellan in charge of the North.

15. Complete Chapter 4 Section 1 Review Questions and Page 74 Worksheet. REVIEW SECTION 1

16. The North and the South Face Off Section 2

17. Strategies of War • North's primary goal was to restore the Union. • Lincolns plan was a 3 part strategy • Capture Richmond, VA • Gain control of the Mississippi River • Institute a naval blockade of the South

18. Anaconda Plan • The naval blockade plan was called the “Anaconda Plan.” • It was designed to slowly squeeze the life out of the South like an anaconda snake.

19. Why did the South need the seas? • To Buy and Sell goods • Importing and exporting • The North based its strategy on the Souths geography. The South was split by the Appalachian Mountains. The eastern theater lay east of the Appalachians, the western theater lay between these mountains and the Mississippi River.

20. Souths Plan • Souths plan was to capture Washington and take the North. • South had to gain the support of France and Great Britain in order to win the war. • The Souths strategy failed.

21. Military Experience • Both sides faced shortages of food, clothing, and rifles. • Some troops did not even have uniforms. • Lack of good shoes and warm coats. • Food was spoiled • Many diseases • Influenza, pneumonia, and typhoid • Surgery with no pain killers • Infected wounds

22. Prisoners of War • Union prisoners were held at Andersonville, located in southwestern Georgia. • No shelter and little food. • Died at a rate of 100 a day. Soldiers suffer from extreme boredom, homesickness, and loneliness.

23. The Home Front • North • Women replaced the male factory workers and farmers. • Women work for the government as clerks, women work as bankers, morticians, saloon keepers, and steamboat captains. • Ladies Aid Societies: made bandages, bed cloths, and shirts for soldiers.

24. The Home Front • South • Mary Boykin Chesnut: wrote a diary of the war. She married James Chesnut a politician who served as Senator and served several terms in the Confederacy. Diary was published in 1905.

25. The Home Front • South • Southerners supported the war by putting together parades and barbecues, then would encourage young men to join the army. • Raffles and auctions to raise money • The war was Romantic in the south. • Inflation began to sky rocket with all the shortages. • Single family dwelling, people lived on beans, boiled potatoes, and corn fritters. • Social events become “ starvation parties” with the only drink being water.

26. Civilian Aid on the Battlefield • Women sometimes dressed as men to help with the military. • Most of the time if caught they became spies. • Catholic nuns were among the first female volunteers for medical duty. They were the only group allowed to move freely between Union and Confederate lines.

27. Civilian Aid on the Battlefield • Elizabeth Blackwell- 1st professionally licensed female doctor in the United States. Helped run the U.S. Sanitary Commission. • The U.S. Sanitary Commission: helped to stop diseases and infections. • Clara Barton: ministered to the wounded on the front lines of battle. Founded the American Red Cross.

28. Civilian Aid on the Battlefield • Sally Louisa Tompkins: was among the Confederate women who founded small hospitals and clinics. She was recognized as an officer so her hospital could be a military hospital.

29. Opposition to the War • Southern: • 1862 Confederacy passed the 1st conscription, or draft, in American History. Military volunteers were rapidly declining. • President Jefferson Davis thought the draft was necessary. • The majority of draftees were poor farmers and working people.

30. Opposition to the War • The large wealthy plantation owners did not get drafted. This causes tension between the North and South. • “A rich man's war and poor man's fight.” • Confederacy began to allow soldiers to pay farmers prices far below the market value.

31. Opposition to the War • Northern: • Some northerners sympathized with the South and urged peace. • Some believed that the war was too costly in terms of money and human life. • Draft: some for some against. The ones against raged through African American neighborhoods destroyed property of wealthy republicans.

32. Copperheads • Northern democrats who sympathized with the Southerners. Wrote speeches and news articles to voice their concerns. • In an attempt to stop the Copperheads President Lincoln suspended some civil liberties, including constitutional right of habeas corpus—a protection against unlawful imprisonment. Copperheads were arrested and held with out trial.

33. Review Section 2 Questions Page 81 Review