Bob Watson and Larry Stone

1. Bob Watson and Larry Stone Unintended Health and Environmental Consequences of CAFO Agriculture

2. This presentation will present the perspective that CAFOs are wastewater technology that has been inappropriately transferred to agriculture. Using this perspective, we will provide a context that will give you a different way to view this CAFO model of agriculture.

3. Unintended consequences have occurred because the unregulated sector of agriculture adopted technologies designed for use in industrial/municipal sewage treatment. But the training, regulations, and engineering used in the wastewater industry have not been carried over to industrial agriculture. We discuss the technology, its inherent industrial poisons, their effects on people, and how people can be protected. We avoid emotional arguments about animals, the treatment of animals, private property and models of agriculture. We simply address the interface between industrial poisons and the public.

4. This manure collection technology has producedunintended consequences. Some include: • the release of air-borne toxins (hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia, and particulates); • explosive conditions inside the confinements; and • nitric acid rain.

5. 5 This is not a blame game. No one originally understood the human health costs, environmental degradation, and pollution that would result from using these technologies in agriculture. As such, we should all bear the costs of transitioning to a biologically benign agriculture.

6. Please keep in mind during this presentation that the focus of most individuals, corporations, and government entities is “you can’t regulate poisons coming from agriculture,” rather than focusing on the uncomfortable fact that “people - especially children - are breathing poisons from agriculture.”

7. This presentation will include: • 1. An explanation of the technology that creates the same sewer environments in both CAFOs and the wastewater industry. • 2. A discussion of the regulations and design that have matured with this technology, but that have not been transferred to agriculture with that technology. • 3. We will dispel some common myths. • 4. Then we will proceed to specific examples of unintended consequences • North Winneshiek school children • Increase of deaths and fires in confinements from foaming problems • The new acid rain, nitric acid rain - much of which is traced to agriculture

8. “This is a valuable manure.” It is not! • Today waste sits and “cooks” (anaerobic digestion) for months in pits, tanks, or lagoons, constantly generating and sending poison sewer gases and particulates into the surrounding neighborhood and larger environment. And it becomes toxic before being applied to fields. • For thousands of years, manure used to be deposited directly to the land by animals, or frequently spread by farmers. It broke down into its constituent parts within three days. • Relative pollution numbers: • Treated Human WasteRaw Human Waste Confinement Waste • CBOD 25 200 1000 • TSS 30 200 1000+ • Ammonia/Nitrogen 1-5 15-20 300-400 • Because hog manure is five times more polluting than human waste and because we have ~10 million hogs at any one time being raised in the state, it is like having 50 million people in Iowa having their waste collected but not treated and spread directly onto the land. Common Myths

9. “The odor is merely a nuisance, with no health problems.” There ARE health problems. • Kline Study • Merchant Study • Original Watson article • “Technology can fix any problem.” No, it can’t. • Any time there is fecal waste decomposing in a pit, there must be poison gases being produced. If you use this technology, this will happen. • These problems are prior to and separate from any treatment. • Because people and animals are in proximity to the pit, there is no technological fix. • “Confinements and feedlots are regulated.” Not really. • The only rules are about where waste may be spread. • There are no wastewater regulations. • EPA lost lawsuit on requiring NPDES permits for CAFOs. Common Myths continued…

10. “Opponents are urban activists.” They are not. • In our 15 years going to many counties in Iowa, we’ve learned that most opponents are farmers, farm wives, children and farm widows. • Rural neighbors of CAFOs are most affected. Many CAFOs are built close to neighbors. • Most CAFOS are not associated with what we would consider a farmstead. • “We must keep this model because it gives us cheap food.” It does not. • Government subsidies and the externalization of soil loss, pollution and human health costs make this model cheap. • A model that poisons and pollutes poses moral/ethical questions, which cannot be reduced to monetary figures. Common Myths continued…

11. Sewer Pipe Confined Space Anaerobic Digester Confinement • Similarities: • Both are closed spaces. • Both have untreated fecal waste in them. • That waste constantly generates poison sewer gases: hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, the explosive and green-house gas methane, and particulates. • Inherent in the technology • Causes of diseases and death from those gases are the same. • Constant ventilation is needed to survive in either. • These factors define sewer environments, they are the same.

12. Sewer Pipe Confined Space Anaerobic Digester Confinement • Differences: • Sewers are designed to contain the poison gases, while confinements are designed to blow them into the surrounding neighborhood. • The waste in sewers is ultimately treated; confinement waste is not treated. Problems are prior to treatment, and would exist even if waste was treated. • There are no regulations for confinements that provide for educating and training about, and protections from, a hazardous work place. • There are no regulations protecting the public from the poisons in confinements. There ARE such regulations for sewage treatment, and for everywhere else where there is fecal waste producing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and methane gases in a closed structure.

13. Summary of toxicology forHydrogen Sulfide High Concentrations • respiratory paralysis…may cause coma after a single breath and may be rapidly fatal • convulsions • acute conjunctivitis with pain, lacrimation, and photophobia • keratoconjunctivitis and vesiculation of the corneal epithelium • pulmonary edema • rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonitis • rapid olfactory fatigue Low Concentrations • irritates the eyes and respiratory tract • headache, fatigue, irritability, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disturbances; • dizziness

14. Summary of toxicology for Ammonia • Ammonia vapor is a severe irritant of the eyes, especially the cornea, the respiratory tract, and skin. • Dyspnea, bronchospasm, chest pain and pulmonary edema which may be fatal. • Bronchitis and pneumonia • Asthma • Ironically, a 1960 study to set human limits for ammonia was done on pigs.

15. Rural Schools, Confinements and Poison Sewer Gases This will explore the relationship between rural schools and confinements, and the incidence of airborne diseases in children due to their proximity to these confinements. It will give you an understanding of how you can at least protect children when they are inside your school buildings with the correct HVAC filters.

17. Asthma and Farm Exposures in a Cohort of Rural Iowa Children • Children’s Health | Article • James A. Merchant, Allison L. Naleway, Erik R. Svendsen, Kevin M. Kelly, Leon F. Burmeister, Ann M. Stromquist, Craig D. Taylor, Peter S. Thorne, Stephen J. Reynolds, Wayne T. Sanderson, and Elizabeth A. Chrischilles • School Proximity to Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Prevalence of Asthma in Students • CHEST: The Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care Journal • Sigurdur T. Sigurdarson and Joel N. Kline

18. The Two Studies in Brief Proximity of school children to confinements study; University of Iowa’s Dr. Joel Kline: “School Proximity to Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations . . . “ (PDF) James Merchant of the University of Iowa on asthma in children who live on a farm with a confinement: “Asthma and Farm Exposures . . .” (PDF) Iowa’s overall all rate of asthma is about 6.7%. To generalize, it has been found that if a rural school has a confinement within 10 miles, 11.7% of the children have asthma – nearly twice the state rate. If a confinement is within ½ mile of a school, 24.6% of children have asthma – four times the state rate. And if you are a kid unlucky enough to live on a farm with a confinement, there is a 55.8% chance you will have asthma – nine times the state rate.

19. History of North Winneshiek and Current Situation North Winn opened in 1964. No problems until confinement was built in 1995. There are now 6 confinement buildings and 4 feedlots within 2 miles of the school. 3. Used the Kline study for 5 years without knowing North Winn was the study school. 4. Students ` a) Recess depending on wind direction b) Classroom windows couldn’t be opened because of odor; and that part of school had no air conditioning c) Heat had to be turned off d) Spraying perfume in halls

20. 5. North Winn School Board meeting 6. Winneshiek Co. Board of Health 7. State Department of Health/Attorney General 8. DNR Department of Air Quality 9. DNR letter stating no possible action 10. EPA/CDC/Air quality trailer and new EPA study 11. Local effort for new HVAC system and acquiring of animal conservation easements

21. Days on Which Manure Odor is Detectable at North Winneshiek School 2010 January 4,5,15,19,25 February 26 March 2, 12, 15 (very strong) 24,25 April 8,20,26,27 May 19 June 2 (extremely strong), 4 Total 18% of school days during spring semester 2010 July 7,11,21 (extremely strong), 22 (extremely strong) August 4,16,18,24 (extremely strong), 25 September 1,8,10,14,25,28,30 (extremely strong) October 1,4,5,6,7,11 (extremely strong), 12,13,14,15,19,20, 28,29 November 2 (extremely strong on Election Day), 3,8,17,30 December 10 (had to turn off heaters on NE side of building to avoid “fresh air” intake)

23. Birgitta’s Log Continued 2011 January 2, 3, 5 (extremely strong),6, 7, 3, 14, 20, 25, 26 February 14,16,17, 24 (extremely strong), 28 March 1,2, 15 (extremely strong), 16 (extremely strong), 21 On 37% of school days (51 of 136) so far in the 2010/2011 school year, the odor was detectable on the playground. On 9 school days the odor permeated the interior of the building. March 29 April 1,4,11,18,21,27 May 3, 6 (very strong), 13, 16, 31 June 3, 24

24. June 3, 24July almost every day I went to schoolAugust 8, 18August 22,26,29September 2,7,8,12,19,20, 22,23,29,30(very strong)October 3,18,19,20 (very strong)21,24,25,27November 3,7 (extremely strong, worst ever ammonia),8,945% of school days so far fall semester of 2011

25. Op Ed: Fundamental ProblemsSept. 2010, by Bob Watson • Based on conversations with producers at the World Pork Expo, this op-ed concerned the problem of foaming in pits beneath hog confinements, exacerbating the already serious problem of dead pigs and flash fires caused by hydrogen-sulfide and methane • “I wish we had the answer,” said Angela Rieck-Hinz of ISU, writing in August on the Iowa Manure Management Action Group website, “but at this point in time we still have no answers as to what is causing the foaming or how best to control or manage the foam. If you have information regarding foaming pits you would like to share please contact me. In the meantime, I urge caution when pumping from manure pits. Be aware of safety concerns regarding manure gases, pit fires and explosions. Not all pit fires and explosions have happened in barns with foaming pits.”

26. Op Ed Continued… There may be many causes for the upswing in foaming problems. • The wastewater industry understands these causes: • Old fecal seed stock • Volume of waste being deposited into the pit over time versus the total volume that the pit can hold. As the volume of waste increases as a percentage of the total volume of the pit, foaming increases. • There is no ability for confinement operators to control the foaming problem because they can’t mix the pit.

27. Op Ed Continued… Consequences of foaming: Normally, gases tend to stay in suspension in a liquid; to get out they must break the surface tension • Foaming increases surface area. • Foaming provides a direct path to the pigs. The gas does not have to disperse and travel through air to get to the pigs. • The pigs bite/eat the foam, or the foam breaks, and the pigs die from hydrogen-sulfide. • The methane also has a direct path to the confinement area, resulting in higher incidence of methane flash fires.

28. Op Ed Continued… The crux of the problem is that confinement advocates have inappropriately transferred wastewater technology from the highly regulated sector of municipal and industrial wastewater to the unregulated – in terms of wastewater – sector of industrial agriculture.

29. Op Ed Continued… In the wastewater industry, we learned long ago – after workers became ill or died - that we could not put normal workspaces in proximity to areas where fecal waste is decomposing. The constant production of the poison and explosive gases – hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and methane – was finally taken into account in designing wastewater facilities and technology that would protect both the workers and the surrounding public. Those protections have been codified in the regulations that control municipal/industrial wastewater technology and design. But industrial agriculture remains exempt.

30. Op Ed Continued… The state Legislature, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, and corporate industrial agricultural officials deny that confinements are a form of wastewater technology. Although seeming illogical, in fact a DNR construction permit requires this type of building, resulting in these problems.

31. Nitric acid rain: September 2010 Scientific American article “Sour Showers” by Michael Tennesen • “Acid rain is back – this time triggered by nitrogen emissions. The acid rain scourge of the 1970s and 1980s that killed trees and fish and even dissolved statues on Washington, D.C.’s National Mall has returned with a twist. Rather than being sulfuric acid derived from industrial sulfur emissions, the corrosive liquid is nitric acid, which has resulted not just from smokestacks but also from farming.” • National Problem

32. Sour ShowersSept. 2010 Scientific American, By Michael Tennesen • People or organizations mentioned include: Viney P. Aneja, professor of air quality and environmental technology at North Carolina State University; the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire’s White Mountain National Forest; William H. Schlesinger president of the Cary Institute for Ecosystems Studies in Millbrook, NY; the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol; and a 2009 paper in Environmental Science & Technology. The Integrated Nitrogen Committee of the EPA’s Science Advisory Board has generated a draft report that lays out the details, including management options for nitric acid rain. It also discusses ways to monitor atmospheric emissions, currently the weak link in the nitrogen-control picture.

33. MIDWEST WIDE AMMONIA CLOUD COURTESY OF DONNA KENSKI, Phd. LAKE MICHIGAN AIR DIRECTORS CONSORTIUM, DES PLANES, IL Ag ammonia causes nitric acid rain • Ammonia from confinements, open feedlots, and volatilization of anhydrous ammonia applications drifts east and falls to earth

37. Papers by Bill Schlesinger • “Effects of Agriculture upon the Air Quality and Climate: Research, Policy, and Regulations” • “Farming pollution” • “On the fate of anthropogenic nitrogen” • “On fertilizer-induced soil carbon sequestration in China’s croplands” • Schlesinger thinks that national arguments over climate change have allowed the U.S. to ignore the nitrogen problem, which he predicts will be the next big environmental issue. “It’s another example of humans upsetting global bio-geochemical cycles with unintended consequences,” he says.

38. This is a local problem. • This is a national problem. • There is no technological fix. • To clean up air, water, and soil, put animals back on the land. Thank you Questions? Bob Watson www.civandinc.net (appendices) bobandlinda@civandinc.net 563-379-4147 Larry Stone www.larrystonesiowa.com lstone@alpinecom.net 563-419-6742

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