Biology EOC review

1. Biology EOC review answers

2. Ch 1: scientific method 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. C 1. A • D 3. D 4. B 5. C 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D

3. 21. A . State the problem (in question form) B. Collect information about the problem C. Form a hypothesis (a possible answer) ( must be testable) D. Design and conduct an experiment (use an experimental group with a variable, and a control group without the variable.) E. Record observations and data F. Check results; redo experiment as needed G. Draw your conclusions (accept or reject hypothesis) H. Communicate your results. • Hypothesis is a possible answer, or an educated guess. Theory is a general statement supported by many scientific observations and experiments, and represents the most logical explanation of the evidence.

4. 23. A research plan is necessary before testing a hypothesis to ensure that there is only one variable, and that there are valid controls. 24. A clear statement of a hypothesis is important because it could lead to the answer of a question. 25. A scientist can collect and organize data in tables, charts, and graphs 26. The results of one experiment cannot become a theory; a theory must be supported by MANY experiments and observations.

5. 27. B 28. control group: solution with no salt experimental group 1 5% salt experimental group 2 10% salt experimental group 3 15% salt two conditions constant: water temperature, number of shrimp, amount of solution in containers 29. C (D) 30. C

6. 31. -hypothesis: if we grow the plants in acidic soil, they will be a different color. -The control group will be grown in (normal) slightly basic soil. -Both the experimental and control groups should be in the same amount of soil, should receive the same amounts of water and sunlight. -one piece of evidence supporting my hypothesis would be flowers that were a color (not white) 32. Corn seedlings are only one type of plant, so to make generalizations about plants, many types should be studied.

7. It is important to include all steps of an experiment so that other researchers can repeat it and verify the results • A hypothesis should be changed whenever new, conflicting information is found • Charles Darwin kept a journal so that he could keep track of all details and data, as well as new ideas. 36. -Question: can seeds travel long distances in the ocean and still able to grow? -Hypothesis: If I soak seeds in salt water, and then plant them, they will grow. -Experiment: he soaked many different kinds of seeds, for short and long periods of time, and then planted them.

8. Chapter 2: Laboratory tools and techniques 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. B • D • D • D • A • C (A) • A (and B) • A • A • D • B • D • C • D • C • D

9. C 22. C 23. A • D 25. A 10-ml graduated cylinder, should be read at eye-level, to the bottom of the meniscus 26. Measurements are useful for accuracy so reliable, valid, information can be obtained and analyzed to draw conclusions.

10. Scientists use tools and instruments to improve the accuracy of their observations. • 28. A. Use a medicine dropper to place a drop of water on the slide. • B. Use the medicine dropper to place the specimen into the water on the slide. • C. Gently lower a coverslip, one edge down at a 45-degree angle first • D. Add a drop of stain at one edge , and draw it through with a piece of paper towel.

11. Similarities: both are used to magnify images more than 250,000 times, and they use electron beams and magnetic lenses. • Differences: the TEM passes beams through a specimen. The SEM passes beams over the surface. • 30. volume: liters • temperature: degrees Celsius • mass: kilograms • length: meters

12. (safety rules) 32. They could rub a piece of each food on a piece of brown paper bag and look for grease. 33. Scientists have used electron microscopes to see much smaller objects. 34. Both types of microscopes are used to magnify small objects. Light microscopes can be used to see living objects; electron microscopes can be used to see much smaller objects, because no light is involved. 35. Don’t bother.

13. Ch 3: Organic Molecules: from Atoms to Cells • B • D • B • A • D • B • C • B • B • B • A • B • D • B • D • B • A • A • C • A • A

14. 22. To maintain high levels of organization necessary to stay alive, organisms require energy. • Carbon is of special importance to living things because organic compounds are built on a “skeleton” or framework of carbon atoms. • Four important functions of organic compounds are: capturing and transforming energy, building new structures, storing materials, and repairing structures. • Athletes need lots of complex carbohydrates during training to supply energy.

15. C • B • They have different amino acid sequences, and different conformations. • C • Three important characteristics of proteins: a. Made of subunits called amino acids b. Main functions are to build new materials, transport substances, send signals, provide defense, control chemical and metabolic activities c. Structure and function is determined by the sequence of the amino acids, and the conformation (shape) of the molecule.

16. The particular proteins in our body depend upon our DNA, because the nucleotide sequence determines those proteins. 32. Tissues are groups of cells, such as nervous tissue that is made up of nerve cells or neurons. Organs are made of tissues working together, such as the brain which is made of nervous, blood, and connective tissues. 33. Main levels of organization: atoms, molecules, organic compounds, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

17. Evolution explains the problems with weight loss in that a favorable adaptation would be the ability for a person’s metabolism to slow down when facing starvation. Also, a person whose fat cells have been emptied will feel hunger and try to “fill them up” again. 35. Exercise is a healthier way to lose weight because it increases the amount of energy used by the body. It also increases the amount of muscle tissue, which burns more calories than other types of body tissues even when resting. 36. Anorexia and bulemia both are both eating disorders that result in severe weight loss, which may be fatal. Anorexia is a refusal to eat, whereas bulemics eat and then eliminate the food. Anorexics appear unhealthy, while bulemics may appear healthy.

18. Chapter 4: Homeostasis and Enzymes • 16. B • A • C • B • C • 21. B • A • C • B • B • A • A • A • B • D • A • 9. A • 10. A • B • D • A • C • A

19. ribosomes: where proteins are built lysosomes: break down food mitochondria: release energy from food nucleus: information storage, control center golgi apparatus: packages many materials vacuoles: store materials such as food or waste chloroplasts: convert sun’s energy into food • The cell membrane is selectively permeable because it allows some substances to pass through but not others. This is important because cells need certain molecules inside but some should be kept outside.

20. 26. Arrow A shows molecules going from an area of less concentration to an area of greater concentration, which is active transport because energy is needed to go against the concentration gradient. Passive transport is different in that it doesn’t need energy. 27. Receptor molecules, proteins on the surface of a cell membrane, allow certain molecules to attach (chemical messengers) thereby enabling communication between cells.

21. Stability in an organism is maintained by integration or making all body parts work together, and control or acting in an organized and appropriate manner. In animals, this job is done by the nervous system and the endocrine system. 29. Cells communicate with each other by having certain chemicals move in or out of them. Receptor proteins in the cell membrane act as docking sites for these chemicals.

22. 30. Every nerve cell does 3 things; it receives, conducts, and sends nerve impulses. 31. A nerve impulse is the movement of electrical voltage (energy) changes along the length of a neuron. The cell membrane is the most important part of this because electrical voltage is created by the rapid movement of positive ions across a cell membrane. These changes trigger changes further along the membrane. 32. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it causes the release of chemicals, which diffuse across the space to the next cell (the synapse) to the next nerve cell, which causes the impulse to be carried along.

23. 33.

24. The energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred to other newly formed chemical bonds or released as heat or light. Cells use this energy for active transport, heat, or other cell functions. • If a cell’s mitochondria were removed, it would not be able to release energy from food molecules

25. The spleen was removed to cure leukemia 37. The pancreatic tissues were used for research; they produced a certain protein which was later used to make a new medicine. 38. The legal system was used to determine whose rights should have precedence, those of the cell-donor or the researchers.

26. Chapter 5: Homeostasis and Enzymes • D • C • B • C • B • B • B • B • D • A • D • C • B • D • C • B • B • A • C • C • A • B • D • C • C • B • A • C • C • D • C • C • B • A

27. Being multicellular increases and organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis and survive because it has many different structures and systems to protect it from external changes. • A body cell will be more likely to survive than an amoeba because the body cell is multicellular. 37. Intercellular fluid is important for homeostasis because many substances are dissolved in it, and it allows substances to be exchanged between cells and blood in the capillaries.

28. B 39. A feedback mechanism has 3 parts: • a sensor – something that can detect a change • a control unit – something that can recognize the correct level of something • an effector-something that can make changes 40. • Blood sugar level is too high • pancreas releases insulin (hormone) into blood stream • insulin reduces levels of glucose • blood sugar levels are too low • pancreas releases glucagon to raise blood sugar levels

29. When we exercise, there is an increase in the CO2 levels in the blood and intercellular fluid, released by muscle cells breaking down organic compounds for energy. A structure in the brain detects these increased levels in the blood passing through the brain, and in the fluid around the brain cells. The brain sends signals to the chest to increase the rate of breathing and the amount of air taken in with each breath. These changes increase the levels of gas exchange in the lungs, lowering the levels of CO2 in the blood. These lower levels are then detected in the brain, reversing the other responses. • D *43. Rising external temperatures will be detected by sensors in the skin, which will send a message to the brain, which will increase blood vessel dilation and sweating. Homeostasis means that the body must maintain constant internal temperatures, regardless of what is happening outside the body.

30. Staying in the shade prevents the body from heating up too much in the sun. • Stomata, or openings, surrounded by guard cells on the surface of a leaf, control the loss of water. When water is abundant, the guard cells fill (by osmosis) and open to allow water to evaporate. When water is scarce, they lose water, and close, preventing water loss. • Contractile vacuoles and guard cells both help maintain levels of water within organisms.

31. 47. Four organ systems used in homeostasis: • Excretory system: removes wastes and regulates the chemistry of the body’s fluids • Nervous system: uses electrochemical impulses to regulate body functions • Endocrine system: produces hormones (chemical messengers) that help regulate bodily functions • Immune system: defends the body from dangerous substances and harmful microorganisms.

32. D 49. If the temperature of the solution was increased, the rate of the reaction would slow down, because enzymes need a certain temperature to function. 50. A person with a high body temperature would possibly die because enzymes change their shape if the temperature changes, and therefore their function. 51. We must maintain a neutral pH because any changes affect an enzyme’s shape and its function.

33. Life on the ISS is different from Earth in that there is no downward pull from gravity. There is no up or down, no floors or ceilings. Crews live in a relatively small space, and sleep wherever they feel comfortable . • The effects of weightlessness are interesting to scientists because we are not aware of our bodies’ responses to gravity until we leave the Earth. • Some of the adaptations of the body to living in a world with gravity include use of signals from our eyes, from the fluid-filled tubes in our ears, from pressure receptors on the bottoms of our feet, and from the distribution of liquids in blood vessels.

34. Ch 6: Photosynthesis and respiration • B • B • C • D • B • C • D • B • A • B • C • C • D 8. D 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C

35. 21. Autotrophs make their own food. Heterotrophs ingest food that they don’t make. 22. Photosynthesis is a bridge between the living and non-living worlds because inorganic compounds are converted into organic compounds, and recycled again and again. • The structure of leaves enables photosynthesis by having chloroplasts which use sunlight, and are located to get maximum exposure. They also have stomata with guard cells, which allow exchange of the gases carbon dioxide and oxygen, and which also control loss of water to the atmosphere.

36. This equation show photosynthesis. The products are glucose and oxygen. • Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis because the products of one are the reactants for the other. • Photosynthesis is being controlled in this set up. • An astronaut would cause changes in the space station atmosphere by adding CO2 and taking out O2. • Turning on more lights would increase photosynthesis, so there would be more O2 and less CO2 in the air.

37. Euglena carries out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 30. This process is essential for the survival of euglena because euglena need to make their own food.

38. 31. Photosynthesis provides food and oxygen for all living things. Cellular respiration provides a way for all living things to release the energy stored in food • Photosynthesis uses sunlight for energy. Cellular respiration uses chemical energy (glucose) • Breathing is the act of physically forcing air into the lungs. Respiration is the release of energy from food molecules. 34. Inhalation: rib cage expands (ribs move up and out), air taken in, diaphragm contracts and moves down, chest cavity expands, air pressure decreases. Exhalation: rib cage contracts, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, chest cavity contracts, air pressure increases.

39. Four characteristics required for a respiratory surface: - moist at all times - thin - source of oxygen - closely connected to transport system that delivers gases to and from cells. 36. Drifting cells in the ocean can be called the pastures of the sea because they both carry out photosynthesis and make organic compounds (food) for other organisms.

40. 37. Microscopic cells drifting in the ocean are like land plants in that they: • Are the beginning of the food chain for most other organisms • They release oxygen into the atmosphere • They bloom in the spring 38. Photographs from orbiting satellites have improved our ability to study life in the ocean.

41. Ch 7: Energy and Matter in ecosystems • A • D • C • A • B • B • B • D • B • B • C • B • C • C • B • A • 17. B • D • B • B • A • C • C • A

42. B • D • A • A • B • C • Biotic: living organisms Abiotic: non-living parts: water, air, soil • Producers: first trophic level autotrophs consumers: second level and up, heterotrophs

43. A food web shows the interconnected nature of the relationships between organisms. • A pyramid is useful to show energy relationships because the most energy is found at the base, and each level up decreases by about 90%, creating a pyramid. • C • D

44. 37. B 38. B 39. C • C • D • When a chemical pollutant enters the ecosystem, it can accumulate from one trophic level to the next. Organisms at the bottom of the food chain have some pollutant, but organisms at the top (who eat many of the lower level organisms) accumulate a great deal of pollutant

45. Biaccumulation of mercury in fish MODERATE MERCURY Eat six servings or less per month: Bass (Striped, Black)CarpCod (Alaskan)* Croaker (White Pacific)Halibut (Atlantic)* Halibut (Pacific)LobsterMahi MahiMonkfish*Perch (Freshwater) Snapper*Tuna (Cannedchunk light)Tuna (Skipjack)* LEAST MERCURY Enjoy these fish: AnchoviesButterfishCatfishClamCrab (Domestic) HerringMackerel MulletOysterPerch (Ocean) Salmon (Canned)**Salmon (Fresh)**SardineScallop*Shad (American)Shrimp*Sole (Pacific)Squid (Calamari)TilapiaTrout (Freshwater)Whitefish HIGH MERCURY Eat three servings or less per month: BluefishGrouper*Mackerel (Spanish, Gulf) Sea Bass (Chilean)* Tuna (Canned Albacore) Tuna (Yellowfin)*

46. B • ------------------------- • a)producers/plants b)(photo)autotrophs c) photosynthesis 46. Greater biodiversity increases the chances that, in the event of an environmental catastrophe, at least some organisms would have variations that would enable them to survive.

47. D • A • B • C • Snake – predator mouse – prey • grasses: producers rabbits: herbivores foxes: carnivores bacteria: decomposers

48. 53. The amount of matter on Earth is fixed; most of the material that is here has been here since the Earth was formed, and gets recycled over and over. Energy is constantly being used, and dissipated away. Earth needs a constant source of new energy. It cannot be recycled. • Photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide, and releases oxygen as a waste product. Cellular respiration takes in oxygen, and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. 55. A forest ecosystem has much more diversity than a cornfield, therefore it is more stable. Biodiversity is very important because it ensures survival of at least some species. 56. Humans caused the current loss of biodiversity through loss of habitat. Construction has caused loss of migration rest-stops; loss of food; fish that need running water to live will die in a lake created by a dam.

49. The Everglades are known as a “river of glass” because the vast majority of this area is covered by a dense growth of saw grass, through which a steady flow of water moves. • Sugarcane production is one human activity that has harmed the Everglades. Pesticides and fertilizers, used by farmers to increase crop yields, have also had a harmful effect.

50. In 1996, the federal government endorsed the everglades restoration project. They will try to stop sugarcane production in the Everglades. They will also try to let large areas of land act as natural filters to remove some of the contaminants in the water. They will also try to restore the natural north-flow of water. 60. Peoples’ attitudes have changed toward the Everglades in that the importance of this ecosystem has been recognized, and people are trying to restore its health.