Don’t forget read Loftus article for next class!

1. Don’t forget read Loftus article for next class!

2. Model of Memory RETRIEVAL Turning now to Long-Term Memory ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals REHEARSAL

3. Long-Term Memory • Characteristics (intuitive with some introspection): • Persists indefinitely (up to decades!) • Requires no active process of rehearsal (at least that we are conscious of)

4. Long-Term Memory • Characteristics (intuitive with some introspection): • Persists indefinitely (up to decades!) • Requires no active process of rehearsal (at least that we are conscious of) • What are some examples of Long-Term Memories?

5. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Examples: • What did you eat for breakfast? • What is the capital of Canada • Where were you when… • Are maple trees deciduous? • Riding a bike !?

6. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Episodic Memory: memory of an event in your life • autobiographical • has a temporal context - something about time is encoded along with the memory

7. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Semantic Memory: memory of facts, knowledge of the world • unconnected to an autobiographical event • no temporal context

8. Some Distinctions in LTM • A third category may be distinguished: • Example: riding a bike, playing an instrument

9. Some Distinctions in LTM • Procedural Memory: memory for actions

10. Semantic Memory • Capacity is huge (unlimited?)

11. Semantic Memory • Structure of encoding is associative

12. Semantic Memory • Structure of encoding is associative • This idea is formalized in so-called “connectionist” networks skiing highschool mockingbird Mr. Lacey To Kill A Mockingbird canary bird English racism chicken Martin Luther King

13. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember:

14. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember: • Unavailable • It wasn’t successfully encoded - something went wrong while you were studying

15. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember: • Unavailable • It wasn’t successfully encoded - something went wrong while you were studying • Inaccessible • memory is stored but cannot be retrieved, perhaps because appropriate connections aren’t being made

16. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain

17. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Lack of Sleep!

18. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage

19. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage • Anterograde: loss of ability to store new memories of events after damage

20. Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

21. Amnesia • Short-term and sensory memory are typically functional

22. Amnesia - associated brain regions • Diencephalic amnesia - damage to the medial thalamus and mammillary nuclei

23. Amnesia - associated brain regions • Diencephalic amnesia - damage to the medial thalamus and mammillary nuclei • Medial temporal lobe amnesia - damage to the hippocampus.

24. Amnesia Thalamus Hippocampus

25. Diencephalic Amnesia • Damage to the medial thalamus and/or mammillary bodies • stroke • Korsakoff’s syndrome • Caused by thiamine deficiency as a result of chronic alcoholism

26. Korsakoff’s Syndrome The Lost Mariner - What happened to Jimmie? What was his life like?

27. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency

28. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia

29. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage

30. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory

31. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory • Often unaware of their deficit

32. Medial Temporal lobe amnesia • Hippocampus is most important site of damage

33. H. M. • Patient H. M. - suffered from extreme epilepsy

34. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s

35. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s • Severe anterograde amnesia

36. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s • Severe anterograde amnesia • Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years before surgery

38. H. M.

39. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)

40. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory

41. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory • Some implicit awareness of recent events

42. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory • Some implicit awareness of recent events • Normal digit span (short-term memory) !

43. Mirror-drawing Task