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Types of Long-term Memory

Types of Long-term Memory. Explicit memory. aka Declarative or Conscious memory Memory consciously recalled or declared Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question Two subtypes of explicit memory. Subtypes of Explicit Memory. Episodic memory.

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Types of Long-term Memory

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  1. Types of Long-term Memory

  2. Explicit memory • aka Declarative or Conscious memory • Memory consciously recalled or declared • Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question • Two subtypes of explicit memory

  3. Subtypes of Explicit Memory

  4. Episodic memory • Memory tied to your own personal experiences • Examples: • What month is your birthday? • Do you like to eat caramel apples? • Q: Why are these explicit memories? • A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions

  5. Semantic memory • Memory not tied to personal events • General facts and definitions about the world • Examples: • How many tires on a car? • What is a cloud? • What color is a banana?

  6. Semantic memory • Q: Why are these explicit memories? • A: Because you can actively declare your answers • Important note: Though you may have personal experience with these items, your ability to answer Q’s does NOT depend on tying the item to your past • i.e. Do not have to recall the time last week when you ate a banana to say that bananas are yellow

  7. Implicit memory • Aka nondeclarative memory • Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness • Three subtypes

  8. Subtypes of Implicit Memory

  9. Natural reflex Neutral stimulus + UCS (food in mouth) (ringing bell) UCR (salivation) Conditioned reflex CS (ringing bell) CR (salivation) Classical conditioning • Pavlov • Previously neutral stimulus now comes to elicit a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

  10. Procedural memory • Memory that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses • Examples: • Riding a bike • Using the shift stick while driving • Tying your shoe laces • Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit? • A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps involved in these actions to perform them • Try to explain to someone how to tie a shoelace

  11. Priming • Pass out demonstration sheets

  12. Priming demonstration • Unscramble the following word: • L T E P A • Answer: • P E T A L • P L A T E

  13. Priming • Why did half the class say plate and the other half say petal? • They were primed to do so • There were two different sheets of unscrambled words

  14. Priming sheet 1 • Unscramble the following word: • F I N E K • O P O N S • K R O F • P U C • E C U S A R • L T E P A • Answer: • K N I F E • S P O O N • F O R K • C U P • S A U C E R • P L A T E

  15. Priming sheet 2 • Unscramble the following word: • N Y P A S • F E L A • K T A L S • D U B • L O B S O M S • L T E P A • Answer: • P A N S Y • L E A F • S T A L K • B U D • B L O S S O M • P E T A L

  16. Priming • Do priming demonstration

  17. Seeing the word rabbit Activates concept Primes spelling the spoken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e Priming

  18. Priming • Activation of one or more existing memories by a stimulus • Activation not a conscious decision • BUT, can effect subsequent thoughts and actions • Two types of priming

  19. Two types of priming

  20. Conceptual priming • When priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughts • Thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memory • Example: Previous priming demonstration • Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull, when someone later asks you to name a dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull”

  21. Perceptual priming • Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below?

  22. Perceptual priming • What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

  23. Perceptual priming • Can you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right?

  24. Perceptual priming • What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

  25. Perceptual priming • When a priming stimulus enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features • Priming is implicit because you don’t need to consciously recall seeing the priming stimulus in order for priming to occur

  26. Evidence for separate implicit/explicit systems? • Neurophysiological evidence • Patient H.M. • Life-threatening seizures originating in temporal lobe • surgically removed portions of temporal lobe

  27. Temporal lobe Hippocampus Temporal lobe • Includes: • hippocampus • amygdala

  28. Patient H.M. • surgery was effective in reducing seizures • BUT, had other side effects as well • Can remember explicit memories acquired before the surgery • e.g. old addresses, normal vocabulary • Had difficulty forming NEW explicit memories • e.g. remembering the name of someone he met 30 minutes prior • cannot name new world leaders or performers

  29. Hippocampal damage • Deficits in forming new explicit memories

  30. Temporal lobe damage • Monkeys and rodents with temporal lobe damage show similar patterns of deficits • Impaired performance on a delayed-nonmatch-to-sample task that tests explicit memory

  31. DNMTS task Delay Sample Phase Choice Phase

  32. Temporal lobe damage • Not impaired on similar task that taps habit-based (implicit) memory

  33. Habit-based task task Trial One Trial Two

  34. Patient H.M. Summary • Temporal lobe damage led to deficits in explicit, but not implicit memory • H.M. had both episodic and semantic memory deficits • Damage to the hippocampus alone produces episodic, but not semantic memory deficits • Why did H.M. show both types of explicit memory deficits? • He had damage not only to hippocampus, but to other structures as well

  35. Are memories organized? • Demonstration: • Recite the days of the week • Recite the days of the week in alphabetical order • Demonstrates that long-term memory is organized • not just a random jumble of information • How are memories organized?

  36. Demonstration • List of words will be read one at a time • Recall as many words as possible

  37. Demonstration • Look at your sheet • Is there a pattern to your answers? • Most list several fruits, then vehicles, then furniture (or vice versa)

  38. How are memories organized? • Hierarchical organization • Associations

  39. Hierarchical organization • Related items clustered together to form categories • Related categories clustered to form higher-order categories • Remember list items better if list presented in categories • poorer recall if presented randomly • Even if list items are random, people still organize info in some logical pattern

  40. Hierarchical organization

  41. How are memories organized? • Hierarchical organization • Associations

  42. Spreading activation model • Mental links between concepts • common properties provide basis for mental link • Shorter path between two concepts = stronger association in memory • Activation of a concept starts decremental spread of activity to nearby concepts

  43. Car Bus Truck Fire Engine House Ambulance Fire Red Hot Stove Rose Cherry Apple Pot Pan Violet Flower Pie Pear Spreading activation model

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