g eometric boundary

7. geometric boundary

9. physical-political boundary

10. Friedrich Ratzel German School: lebensraum

11. Germany starts WWII

12. Sir Halford Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

25. Nichols Spyman’sRimland Theory

26. Cooperation vs…

27. Unilateralism: Vietnam United States58,220 dead; 303,644 woundedSouth Korea5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missingAustralia500 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand351 dead;1,358 woundedNew Zealand37 dead; 187 woundedPhilippines9 dead

28. 1. Compact States: Efficient • In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. • The ideal theoretical compact state would be shaped like a circle, with the capital at the center and the shortest possible boundaries to defend.

29. 2. Prorupted States: Access or Disruption • An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state. • Proruptions are created for 2 reasons: • Access to a resource such as water • They can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

30. 3. Elongated States: Potential Isolation • There are a handful of elongated states, or states with a long and narrow shape. • Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

31. 4. Fragmented States: Problematic • A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. • 2 kinds: those areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state.

32. 5. Perforated States: South Africa • A state that completely surrounds another is a perforated state.

33. 1. Compact States: Efficient • In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. • The ideal theoretical compact state would be shaped like a circle, with the capital at the center and the shortest possible boundaries to defend.

34. Compact State - Rwanda

35. 2. Prorupted States: Access or Disruption • An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state. • Proruptions are created for 2 reasons: • Access to a resource such as water • They can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

36. When the British ruled the otherwise compact state of Afghanistan, they created a long, narrow proruptionto the east that was to prevent Russia from sharing a border with Pakistan.

37. 3. Elongated States: Potential Isolation • There are a handful of elongated states, or states with a long and narrow shape. • Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

39. 4. Fragmented States: Problematic • A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. • 2 kinds: those areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state.

41. The most extreme example is Indonesia, made up of 13,677 islands.

42. 5. Perforated States: South Africa • A state that completely surrounds another is a perforated state. • The one good example is South Africa which completely surrounds the state of Lesotho. • Lesotho must depend entirely on South Africa for the import and export of goods.

44. Fragmented States • The most extreme example is Indonesia, made up of 13,677 islands. • The fragmentation hinders communications makes integration of of people living on remote islands nearly impossible. • A difficult type of fragmentation occurs if the 2 pieces of territory are separated by another state. • Imagine the difficulty of communicating between Alaska and the lower 48 if Canada were not a friendly neighbor.

45. Fragmented States • An unusual case of fragmentation is in India on a tiny strip of land called Tin Bigha. • The Tin Bigha corridor measures only 600 feet by 300 feet. • It fragments Dhagram and Angarpota from the rest of Bangladesh. • The problem is a legacy of the British who divided the region according to religion with Hindu enclaves to India and Muslim enclaves to Bangladesh. • India agreed to lease the Tin Bigha corridor to Bangladesh. • This created another fragmentation - Cooch Behar from the rest of India.