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The Synoptic and the Johannine Gospels

The Synoptic and the Johannine Gospels. Purpose of the Gospels.

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The Synoptic and the Johannine Gospels

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  1. The Synoptic and the Johannine Gospels

  2. Purpose of the Gospels The Gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus Christ. The term “gospel” means good news in the Greek and was not directed towards any particular type of writing or event. There could be “good news” about anything. During the first couple of hundred years in the life of the church, the Gospels were simply known as “According to Matthew,” or Mark, or so on. Only after much usage and preaching did the term “gospel” take on the special meaning we associate with it today, the Good News of Jesus Christ.

  3. Is there a reason to worry about the “differences” in a given account in the Gospels? Why?

  4. Themes of the Four Gospels Matthew presents an argument to the Jewish community that Jesus is the Messiah. To accomplish this presentation, Jesus is portrayed as King. Mark writes to the Romans. His presentation shows Jesus as servant. Luke’s audience is the “Greeks,” the Gentiles of the land. His arguments are aimed at showing the humanity of Christ, the “Son of man.” John writes to the Church. His presentation demonstrates the meaning of “Son of God” as he argues for Christ being God.

  5. Endings of each Gospel Matthew ends in the Lord’s Resurrection (Matt 28) Mark ends in the Lord’s Ascension (Mark 16:19-20) Luke ends in the blessed promise of the Holy Spirit (Luke 24:49) John ends with the promise of the Second Coming (John 21:2-23)

  6. Symbol of each Gospel Luke Matthew Mark John

  7. Pictures of the structure of the Gospels

  8. A Comparison of the Gospels

  9. It is all about Christ It must be remembered that the entire Bible is about Jesus Christ. The “seed” of woman which will bruise the heal of the serpent (Gen 3:15) is Jesus. The “King of Kings and Lord of Lords” who is the ultimate ruler (Rev 19:11) is Jesus Christ.

  10. The Gospel of Matthew Key verses: 1:20-21; 16:15-19; 28:18-20 Key Chapter(s): Chapter 1, Chapter 12, Chapter 28 Key Word(s) or Concept(s): Messiah, Kingdom

  11. Theme and Purpose Fulfillment – Jesus is the Messiah and the major events of Christ’s life took place in fulfillment of prophecy. The Gospel contains the phrase “that it might be fulfilled” twelve times. The comprehensiveness of the Good News of salvation to include the Gentiles. An apologetic nature for the many questions which would have been raised against Jesus -- illegitimacy of birth, residence of Jesus in Nazareth rather then Bethlehem, stealing of the body of Jesus, and so on. A presentation of the commandments and teachings of Jesus. He does this through the use of five major discourses throughout the book. A demonstration of why the message moved beyond the Jews to the Gentiles (the Jews’ apathy and rejection of the King). God’s kingdom program has not failed.

  12. Authorship The earliest manuscripts uphold this tradition, naming the work “According to Matthew.” Internal evidence supporting Matthew’s authorship includes his using his apostolic name rather than the name Levi which is used by Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27, The lack of a descriptive “his” in front of the story on the banquet (9:10), Mark and Luke include the “his”), and the details of events such as the temple tax story (Matt 17:24-27). There is no specific negative evidence against Matthew being the author.

  13. Who is Matthew? Matthew was a publican or tax collector. This means he was a Jew working for the Romans. He was one of the original 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.

  14. Date Many scholars believe that the four Gospels relate more to geographical centers of Christianity than to the traditional authors. Matthew may have been written from Antioch of Syria, because of its Jewish/Gentile church issues, possibly about A.D. 60 or at least before A.D. 70.

  15. Recipients As the authorship and date of the Gospel are uncertain, so are the recipients. It seems best to relate it to both believing Jews and Gentiles. The Church at Antioch of Syria of the first century fits this profile best.

  16. Uniqueness of the book The themes of Kingdom and Messiahship are the driving forces of the book. Jesus performed thirty-six miracles as recorded in Scripture. Matthew’s account contains twenty of these, but only four are unique. About sixty percent of the Gospel deals with Christ’s teachings. Matthew’s Gospel contains the most material from the Old Testament.

  17. I. The Person and Presentation of Jesus the King The birth of the King (1:1-2:23) The announcement of the King (3:1-12) The Approval of the King (3:13-4:11) II The Preaching of the King The Ministry of the King (4:12-25) The Sermon of the King (5:1-7:29) III The Power of the King (8:1-11:1) IV The Progressive Rejection of the King The Rejection of the King (11:2-12:50) The Parables of the King (13:1-52) The Further Rejections of the King (13:53-16:12) V The Preparation of the King’s Disciples The Preparation in View of the Rejection (16:13-20:28) VI The Presentation of the King The Public Ministry (20:29-21:22) The Conflict with the Leaders (21:23-22:46) The Rejection by the Nation (23:1-39) VII The Prophecies of the King (24:1-25:46) 51 VIII The Passion or Final Rejection of the King (26:1-27:66) IX The Proof of Jesus the King (28:1-20) Outline of the Book

  18. The Gospel of Mark Key verses: 8:34-37; 10:45 Key Chapter(s): Chapter 8 Key Word(s) or Concept(s): Servant, Ransom, Sacrifice, Immediately

  19. Theme and Purpose To emphasize Jesus as a servant To demonstrate in an active way how to suffer during persecution—as Jesus did. To demonstrate how to be a disciple. To fight the emergence of heretical, theological doctrines

  20. Authorship From the earliest of traditions, John Mark has been held to be the author of this Gospel. This book, like all of the Gospels, does not name its author. The validity of the tradition is strengthened by both internal evidence and the argument that a relatively minor player such as Mark would not have been given credit for the work if he had not written it.

  21. Who is Mark? John is the Hebrew name and Mark, or Marcus, is his Latin name. John Mark was Barnabas’ cousin (Col. 4:10). He accompanied Barnabas and Paul in their missionary journey (Acts 12:25) but left them for unknown reason (Acts 13:5, 13) which caused the separation of the two. He was a Jewish Christian whose mother, Mary, was apparently a rich widow.

  22. Date Mark’s account is written prior to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple (Chp 13). This makes the date no later than the mid-60s. Tradition holds to an earlier date, and if one accepts Mark as being the first Gospel, it could date to the early 50s.

  23. Recipients It is impossible to decide the original destination of this Gospel with any certainty. Yet there are indications which point to Gentile readers and some further evidence which supports the view that these Gentiles were in Rome.

  24. Uniqueness of the book Almost certainly this Gospel is being written to the Christians in Rome to encourage them. Mark presents a Jesus who was persecuted and suffered, all without denying the Will of God. Mark’s Gospel is a Gospel of action. Peter’s shadow is present in the Gospel. Mark’s Gospel is an argument for the necessity of the Cross.

  25. I The Preparation of the Servant for Service (1:1-13) II The Preaching and Manifestation of the Servant (1:14-3:6) Ministry in Galilee 1:14ff First Disciples 1:16-20 Casting out demons and healings 1:21-2:22 Lord of the Sabbath 2:23-3:6 III The Persecution and Opposition to the Servant (3:7-8:13) More healings 3:6-12 The Apostles chosen 3:13-21 Teachings and Parables 3:22-4:34 Miracles 4:35-5:43 In Nazareth 6:1-6:56 God’s commandments versus those of men 7:1-8:13 IV The Preaching and Preparation of the Disciples (8:14-10:52) Peter’s Confession of Christ 8:22-33 Cost of Discipleship, Transfiguration and healings 8:34-10:52 V The Passion of the Servant in Jerusalem (11:1-15:47) Palm Sunday 11:1-14 Action and Prayer 11:15-26 Challenge to Authority 11:27-44 Olivet Discourse 13:1-37 Preparation and Passover 14:1-31 Betrayal and Crucifixion 14:32-15:41 Burial 15:42-47 VI The Prosperity of the Servant in Resurrection (16:1-20). Outline of the Book

  26. The Gospel of Luke Key verses: 2:52, 4:18,19, 19:10 Key Chapter(s): Chapter 1, 4, 15, 19 Key Word(s) or Concept(s): Salvation, Son of man

  27. Theme and Purpose To write an orderly account about the life of Jesus Christ. To set forth the exact truth about the things Theophilus has been taught. Luke is written to combat false teachers.

  28. Authorship Early church testimony is that Luke, “the beloved physician” (Col 4:14), is the author of the Luke-Acts unit. Both are addressed to Theophilus, probably the same person in both each account.

  29. Who is Luke? The author was a traveling companion of Paul (2 Tim 4:11; Philemon 24) The author is most likely a Gentile, writing to a Gentile audience, probably in Rome. A physician and came from Antioch of Syria (Col. 4:14) Met Paul in Tarsus where a medical university was located

  30. Date Acts ends with Paul’s first imprisonment of two years in Rome (Acts 28:30-31). This would have been about A.D. 60-61. There is no evidence in either book of oppression of Christians by the Romans, so it is probably written before Nero came into power (64/65). This also fits with the fall of Jerusalem still being future.

  31. Recipient/s The Gospel was written for Theophilus, which means “lover of God,” or “loved by God.” Since nothing is known about the man, it is possible this is a symbolic name used by Luke, either to a more general audience or to hide the identity of a high Roman official.

  32. Uniqueness of the book Luke’s Gospel is aimed at salvation history. The Gospel has a worldwide view. Luke’s genealogy comes after the baptism to establish Christ’s perfect humanity. There are no Hebrew or Aramaic terms used in the Gospel, as used in the other three Gospels. Luke also dwells on the birth and childhood of Jesus. Luke’s Gospel is full of references to the power and presence of the Spirit

  33. I Prologue 1:1-4 II The Identification of the Son of Man His Entrance into the World 1:5-2:52 His Presentation to Israel 3:1-4:13 III The Ministry of the Son of Man The Ministry Begins 4:14-30 Authority Demonstrated 4:31-6:11 Disciples Chosen 6:12-49 More Ministry 7:1-9:50 IV The Rejection of the Son of Man His Final Journey to Jerusalem 9:51-62 Instruction in View of His Rejection 10:1-19:27 V The Suffering and Sacrifice of the Son of Man His Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 19:28-44 Debates with the Leaders 19:45-21:38 Betrayal and Arrest 22:1-53 Trials 22:54-23:25 His Death 23:26-56 VI Authentication of the Son of Man The Empty Tomb 24:1-12 The Emmaus Road 24:13-35 His Resurrection Appearances to the Disciples 24:36-49 His Ascension into Heaven 24:50-53 Outline of the Book

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