APA Documentation Style

1. Ms. Hazar H. Shehadeh South Texas College APA Documentation Style

2. Objectives • Following this lecture, you should be able to: • Document you paper following the APA format. • Use in-text citation (parenthetical citation) and references list (bibliographic entries) in your paper.

3. Why We Use Documentation Styles? • All writers and students who write papers using external sources must document their papers using a specific style to avoid plagiarism. • Plagiarism or academic dishonesty means stealing others’ words and ideas whether word-by-word or paraphrasing into one’s own language and using them without acknowledging the sources. • Any student that plagiarizes on any assignment would be subject to the school’s penalties for such offense. Penalties includes: failure in the course, loss of financial aid privileges, suspension and/or expulsion. Carelessness is not a valid excuse for plagiarism. Plagiarism of any kind or cheating in any fashion is not tolerated.

4. Why We Use Documentation Styles? • Plagiarism can occur when: • Using other people’s words, ideas, and opinions as the students’ own • Paraphrasing other’s words, ideas, and opinions without acknowledging the source • Copying from a source word by word without using quotation marks and in-text citation regardless of including the bibliographic citation (the References page).

5. How to Avoid Plagiarism? • To avoid plagiarism, one must cite all the sources using in-text citation and bibliographic citation following the required style.

6. APA Style • The writer should follow a certain guidelines set by this style. • The paper should have a title page, abstract, main body, and references page. • This style has two parts: • In-text citation (parenthetical citation) • References entries (bibliographic entries)

7. General Guidelines • The entire text should be double-spaced using Times New Roman with a font size of 12 pt. • The margins should be set to 1 inch on all sides. • Leave one space after the comma, semicolon, colon, and periods that are used to separate parts of the citations and initials in a person’s name. • Leave two spaces after the period as a terminal punctuation mark (to end a sentence). • The first page of the paper must include a page header in the upper right-hand corner including Running head: then the first 3 or 4 words of the paper’s title (in all caps) flush left, and then the page number (Arabic numerals) flush right. • For all the other pages, the header must contain the shorter version of the title flush left in all caps, and the page number flush right.

8. General Guidelines • All titles of other books and periodicals (journals, magazines, and newspapers) should be italicized or underlined throughout the essay, and titles of articles and webpages should appear in quotation marks (except in the references page). • The first line of each paragraph should be indented one half inch from the left margin.

9. General Guidelines • All the words of the books and articles’ titles should be capitalized within the text (e.g. Successful College Writing). • But in the References page, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitles (e.g. Successful college writing). Subtitle means the secondary title that comes after the colon (Educating English learners: Language diversity in the classroom). • Proper nouns must be capitalized all the times (English, Shakespeare, Mexican, American..)

10. Title Page • The title page should have the page header that includes the words Running head: and then a shorter version of the title in all caps in the left margin, then the page # in the right margin. • The full title of the paper, student’s name (byline), and the institutional affiliation must be centered in the upper half of the title page (follow your professor’s instructions for this list).

11. Abstract • It must include the page header, and it comes after the title page. • The word Abstract must be centered at the first line, without quotation marks, bold, italics, or underlining. • Provide a summary of the main points of the paper in one single paragraph (less than 250 words). • The first line is not indented.

12. Example of the Title Page

13. Example of the Second Page

14. Example of the Third Page

15. In-Text Citation • The basic format of in-text citation is: (Author’s last name, year of publication, page number). Use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page. 1. One author: • Rousseau depends on “his highly subjective and masculinist conception” of nature to reserve the balance in society (Trouille, 1997, p. 17). • More than one page: (Trouille, 1997, pp. 17-18). 2. Two authors: • This is because TWB or ESL programs “are quality program designs for standard-based education” (Calderon & Minaya-Rowe, 2003, p. 6).

16. In-Text Citation 3. Three to five authors: - Since any negotiation of power equation is a political act, feminism is considered a “political attack” (Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman & Willingham, 1999, p. 196). The first time you cite the source - (Guerin et al., 1999, p. 196) For all other times you cite the same source. 4. Six and more authors: List the first last name with et al. for all the citations, even the first one. - (Dranganski et al., 2006, p. 6317)

17. In-Text Citation 5.Author named within the sentence: • Hake (2006) says that typical characters of post-unification cinema in Germany are “well-adjusted, upwardly mobile, reasonably happy, but also incredibly self-centered men and women”(p. 186). 6. How to cite when paraphrasing: When you paraphrase an idea from a source, there is no need to include the page number. • The process of assimilating those students into the new culture would threaten their cultural assertion and native language (Crawford, 2004).

18. In-Text Citation 7. Web site: - It is said that Amiri Baraka’s socialist art is “addressed to the black community, which has, he believes, the greatest revolutionary potential in America” (Harris, 1991). No page numbers • No date available: (Harris, n.d.) • Author unknown: (“The Third World,” 1991) • No date and no author: (“The Third World,” n.d.)

19. In-Text Citation 7. Quotes with more than 40words: APA requires that long quotes (>40 words) to be be double-spaced, indented, and with the quotation marks removed. The period comes before the citation. Example: The researchers found that in order to implement e-learning programs, it is essential to: (a) have a clear vision of desired outcome (i.e. ubiquitous, lifelong, access to higher education); (b) an understanding of the current capacity and attitudes of the relevant staff and (c) a coherent set of steps to move from the current situation to the desired outcome. (MacKeogh & Fox, 2009, p.152) 

20. References Page • The word References must be centered, without quotation marks, bold, italics, or underlining. • This page must have a header and is double-spaced using the same font. • The entries are set to hanging indentation by 0.5 inch. • The entries must be organized in alphabetical order by the authors’ last names. Do not number the entries. • Italicize or underline all titles of books and journals. Do not use quotation marks, italics, or underlining with articles’ titles. Italicize the websites’ titles. • Only the first letter of the first word of the book, article, and webpage’s title and subtitle is capitalized. • Every source cited in the text of the paper should be cited on the References page.

21. References List • Citing books: the author’s last name, initials. (year of publication). Book title. The city of publication, State: publisher. 1. A book with one author: • Trouille, M. S. (1997). Sexual politics in the enlightenment: Women writers read Rousseau. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 2. A book with two up to seven authors: List all the names • Galderórn, M. E., & Minaya-Rowe, L. (2003). Designing and implementing two-way bilingual programs: A step-by-step guide for administrators, teachers, and parents. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.  

22. References List 3. A work with eight or more authors: List the first six authors’ last names, then put three periods(ellipsis), and then list the last author’s last name. Prince, P., Billups, Z., Andrews, K., Bisoux, C., Frasier, L., Grey, P., . . . Lanikai, H. (2008). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days an dare more severe with stress, depnedance, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305 Page 198 APA 6th

23. References List • Citing webpage: Author’s last name, initials. (year of publication). Site’s title. Retrieved from http://web address • Harris, W. J. (1991). Amiri Baraka: Biography and historical context. Retrieved from http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/baraka/bio.htm

24. References List • Citing webpage: Organization Organization’s name. (year of publication). Site’s title. Retrieved from http://web address South Texas College. (2009). Biology instructor pursues nursing degree to become better teacher, mentor. Retrieved from http://news.southtexascollege.edu/?tag=teaching-excellence

25. References List • Citing webpage: No author, not an organization. Tile of the web site. (year of publication). Retrieved from http://web address The endangered human. (n.d.). Retrieved fromwww.ecology.com

26. References List • Citing a periodical article: Author’s last name, initials. (year of publication). Article’s title. Journal’s title, volume number(issue number), page numbers. The title of journal and volume number are in italics. Journal article: Williamson, G.R., & Prosser, S. (2002). Action research: Politics, ethics and participation. Blackwell Science Ltd, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(5), 587-593.

27. References List Journal article with DOI (digital object identifier): Author’s last name, initials. (year of publication). Article’s title. Journal’s title, volume number(issue number), page numbers. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx Wood, W. B. (2009). Innovations in teaching undergraduate biology and why we need them. The Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 25, 5.1-5.20. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175306

28. References List Online journal article: Author’s last name, initials. (year of publication). Article’s title. Journal’s title, volume number(issue number). Retrieved from http://www.webaddress Wolfe, P. (1998). How the brain learns: Revisiting effective teaching. EducationalLeadership, 56(3). Retrieved from http://www.aea11.k12.ia.us/prodev/subauthorization/strat1/strat1handout03.pdf

29. References List • Citing a periodical article: Author’s last name, initials. (Date of publication). Article’s title. Journal’s title, volume number(issue number). Retrieved month day, year, from http://web address If there is no volume and issue numbers, go to the next point. Magazine: Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. Page200 APA 6th Online Magazine: Loureiro, M. L. (2004). Obesity: Economic dimensions of a “super size” problem. Choices. Retrieved from http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2004-3/obesity/2004-3-02.htm

30. References List • Citing a periodical article: Pages numbers must be preceded with p. (one page) or pp. (more than one page) Newspaper: Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Page200 APA 6th Online Newspaper: Plissner, M. (2001, June 23). Learning to love language in a bilingual school. TheNew York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

31. Example

32. Let’s practice! 1. Which one is correct: • (Shakespeare, 1993, p. 20) • (Shakespeare, page 20) • (Shakespeare, 1993, p.20) • (Shakespeare, p. 20, 1993)

33. Answer 1. A In-text citation, one author for one book, we put the author’s last name, year of publication, page # (p. #)

34. Let’s practice! 2. Which one is correct: • (Abrams and Greenblatt 12-20) • (Abrams & Greenblatt, 2001, pp. 12-20) • (Abrams and Greenblatt, 2001, pp. 12-20) • (Abrams & Greenblatt, 2001, Pp. 12-20)

35. Answer 2. B In-text citation for one book with two authors. We write the authors’ last names using a ampersand (&) between them, date of publication, pp. #. (pp. because it is multiple pages)

36. Reference American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.