WHAP Exam Review Period 1

1. WHAP Exam ReviewPeriod 1 8000 B.C.E. to around 600 B.C.E. Chapters 1-6

2. Key Concepts • Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth • The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies • The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies

3. The Big Picture • Think Themes! See AP syllabus • Think GRAPES! • Civilization---What is it? What makes a civilization? • Change---What causes change? • Human Interaction with Environment---Where do they live? Why they move? Defense? How do civilizations interact with others? Technology?

4. Nomads • Foraging societies (hunting –gathering) • Concerns were shelter and food • Language • Fire • Tools (stone) • Pastoral societies (animal herding) • Neolithic Revolution: stay put and farm, villages to cities to civilizations, specialized workers led to class systems, used animals for farming, technology (tools for farming, pottery, weaving, wheels, carts, sails, METALLURGY, etc.)

5. River Valley Civilizations • Water source • Fertile soil • Transportation

6. RVCs---Mesopotamia • Land between rivers---Tigris and Euphrates • Irrigation • Sumer---cuneiform, 12-month calendar, base 60 math, polytheistic, ziggurats • Sargon of Akkad---first empire • Babylon---Hammurabi’s Code • Hittites---iron weapons • Assyrians---capital at Nineveh • Chaldeans---King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon • Persian Empire---big! Great Royal Road • Others nearby: Lydians=coined money; Phoenicians=sailors, purple dye, alphabet; Hebrews=Judaism (monotheistic)

7. RVCs---Egypt • The Nile=predictable floods • Old, Middle and New Kingdoms • Pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, trade • Polytheistic---afterlife, mummification • Women---Queen Hatshepsut, more rights than other lands • Social Structure---Pharaoh, priests, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves • Conquered by Assyrians and Persians • What brings empires/civilizations down?

8. RVCs---Indus • Indus River • More isolated due to mountains, still invaded • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro---major cities • Planned cities, plumbing, potter’s wheel • Abandoned??? • Aryans: nomadic tribe, horses, reincarnation, polytheistic, Vedas and Upanishads, caste system, later becomes Hinduism

9. RVCs---China • Yellow (Huang He, Hwang Ho) and Yangtze • Shang Dynasty: defensive walls, chariots, isolated, believed they were center of the world, ethnocentric, bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system • Patriarchal, veneration of ancestors • Zhou Dynasty: long dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, dynastic cycle, feudalism, led to period of warring states

10. RVCs---Bantu??? • Africa on Niger River • “Stateless society” • MIGRATED!!! South and east away from Sahara, due to climate changes • Spread language group (Bantu) • Why do people migrate?

11. Early MesoAmerica/Andean S. America • Olmec: 1200 to 1400 B.C.E., urban society, corn, beans, squash, irrigation, large-scale buildings, polytheistic, writing and calendar • Chavin: 900-300 B.C.E., polytheistic, near coast so had seafood too, metals in tools and weapons, llamas • They are in an entirely different part of the world with no contact of the other civilizations. So??? • Not in River Valleys! So???

12. Major Belief Systems • Polytheism • Judaism=Monotheism

13. Technology • Farming tools-ploughs, hoes, rakes, wheel • Irrigation-dikes, canals, plumbing, sewage systems • Metallurgy-copper, bronze, iron • Pottery • Wheeled chariots • Architecture-pyramids, ziggurats, temples • Crafts, jewelry • Record keeping-writing, calendars, math

14. Role of Women • Women lose power when people settle, no equal share of work • Societies becomepatriarchal

15. Big Picture • Civilizations---Key Traits • Civilizations---Fall • Change---trade, conquest, spread of belief systems, technology (innovation vs. adaption) • Human Interaction with Geography---how did they change their surroundings to meet their needs, human need to control/explain nature, in religion too (protection to internal peace)