CE 510 Hazardous Waste Engineering

1. CE 510Hazardous Waste Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Southern Illinois University Carbondale Instructor: Jemil Yesuf Dr. L.R. Chevalier Lecture Series 9: Quantitative Toxicology

2. Course Goals • Review the history and impact of environmental laws in the United States • Understand the terminology, nomenclature, and significance of properties of hazardous wastes and hazardous materials • Develop strategies to find information of nomenclature, transport and behavior, and toxicity for hazardous compounds • Elucidate procedures for describing, assessing, and sampling hazardous wastes at industrial facilities and contaminated sites • Predict the behavior of hazardous chemicals in surface impoundments, soils, groundwater and treatment systems • Assess the toxicity and risk associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals • Apply scientific principles and process designs of hazardous wastes management, remediation and treatment

3. Generalized Concepts • Classification of repeated exposure • Acute • Subchronic • Chronic • Distinction based on average life expectancy • Acute (1 day) • Subchronic (2 weeks-7 years) • Chronic (> 7 years) • Common example would be exposure to a lifetime of drinking water contaminated with trace levels of a hazardous waste

4. Generalized Concepts • Mechanisms of Toxicity • Oral, dermal, inhalation • Variability in biological communities • Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry • Based on genetics as well as environment

5. Definitions • LD50 • Lethal dose to 50% of population • Used to quantify acute toxcity • Threshold Limit Values, TLV • Used to quantify chronic exposure limits • Maximum Contaminant Level, MCL • Used to regulate drinking water under Safe Drinking Water Act

6. Definitions

7. Quantification of Acute Toxcity, LD50 • Approach • Divide population of animals into a number of subgroups • Administer progressively higher dosages of the toxic substance to each group • After toxin is administered, the number of deaths within each group are recorded over a specified period

8. Quantification of Acute Toxcity, LD50 Here, x is the dose and f(x) is the number of lethal responses. These values of the average and standard deviation allow us to predict the normal distribution of the population. The equation is on the next slide.

9. Quantification of Acute Toxcity, LD50 The apex of the curve generated by this equation is LD50

10. Example Spreadsheet solution to Example 10.2

11. Solution Excel File

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13. Probit Analysis • More useful, more common method of computing LD50 and other toxicological parameters • Stands for probability unit • Transforms sigmoidal curves of dose-response relationships to straight lines • Probits are simply deviations from the mean of a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 1 and a mean of 5. In theory, the relationships between probabilities and probit are derived from the cumulative distribution curve

14. Probit Analysis

15. Probit Analysis Excel command for Probit =NORMINV(Cell/100,5,1) See Table 10.4 p. 498

16. Example An acute bioassay exposed mealworms to various concentrations of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan. Apply a probit analysis to the following data to calculate the LD50 . A total of 20 mealworms were used to initiate each treatment. Cumulative mortality (No. Dead) is shown after 96 hr.

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19. Threshold Limit Value, TLV • Used to measure chronic industrial exposure • Chronic toxicity is difficult to quantify • Less is known about long-term effects • Three categories of TLV • Time-weighted average, TLV-TWA • Average for 8-hr work day (40-hr week) • Used to determine the exposure over along periods without adverse effects (equation on next slide) • Short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL • Maximum concentration for exposure for repeated periods of up to 15 minutes • Ceiling, TLV-C • Concentration that cannot be exceeded at any time

20. TLA-TWA Ta = time of first exposure period (hrs) Ca = contaminant concentration during the first period Tb…Tn = succeeding time periods (hrs) Cb…Cn = contaminant concentrations during the succeeding time periods

21. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH Resource for data Gaseous and particulate airborne chemicals Physical factors Heat Ultraviolet light Ionizing radiation TLV Data

22. TLV Data Table 10.5, p. 503 abbreviated

23. TLV Data • If more than one chemical is present (common at hazardous waste sites) • Toxic effects are assumed to be additive n = number of hazardous chemicals Ci = concentration of chemical i

24. Examplerefer to example 10.4, p. 505 Determine the mixture TLV-TWA for a worker exposed to 40 ppm n-octane, 40 ppm benzene, 40 ppm toluene and 40 ppm PCE in the air of a RCRA solvent recycling operation. Are the concentrations of the chemicals exceeding the TLV-TWAmixture?

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27. Summary of Important Points and Concepts • Toxic effects are classified based on duration of exposure, the most common exposure periods are acute, subchronic and chronic • The lethal dose of 50% of the population (LD50) is the most common indicator of acute toxicity. The LD50 is used to evaluate potential toxicity during one-time exposures too high concentrations of contaminants, such as hazardous material spills. • Determination of the LD50 is accomplished by dosing population sets of organisms with succeedingly higher concentrations of a toxic chemical. The sigmoidal cumulative response to the dosages given is usually transformed to probits as a basis for determining the LD50 • Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) were developed for exposures to individuals in the workplace. They are a policy-related parameter based on a no-effect threshold during an 8-hour daily exposure over a working lifetime