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History of GIS

History of GIS. Base Maps. 1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system. Use of Overlays. Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements

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History of GIS

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  1. History of GIS

  2. Base Maps • 1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system

  3. Use of Overlays • Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements • Mid-19th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map

  4. Dot Maps • 1855 – use of dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic in England

  5. The Five Phases of Development • The Research Frontier • Experimentation and Practice • Commercial Phase • User-Dominance • Web-Based Internet GI-Science

  6. The Research FrontierLate 1950’s to Mid 1970’s • Individual Led Development • 1958 - NASA - Data Availability • 1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory • 1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space • Lack of Computing Resources • 1960’s - Early computer mapping packages • Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORM • Isoline Maps • 1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRI • Arc Info

  7. Experimentation and PracticeMid 1970’ s to Early 1980’s • National Agencies Driving Development • Government Funded Research • NOAA Established • NASA • Huge Data Increase • SPOT, LandSat • Role of the Individual Diminished

  8. Commercial PhaseMid 1980’s • Corporate Software available • Competition • PC’s becoming popular • Individual market opening up • Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data sets • Minimal sharing of data • GPS becomes fully operational

  9. User Dominance1990’s • Strong competition among software vendors • Databases began to become distributed • Internet becomes operational • Network accessibility more common • Development of Standards • Quality control • Data tracking (Metadata)

  10. Web-Based Internet GI Services ShiftLate 1990’s - Present • Distributed and Interoperational Architecture • Data resides and is distributed over a network • Limitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity) • Standardized Data • Data is not platform or program dependent • Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map

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