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Principles of GIS

Principles of GIS. 481/581 Peter Li, Earth Sciences TTU. Introduction. What is GIS? Applications of GIS Software/Hardware/Training Integration of other tools Summary. GIS. Spatial Data. Example of Synonymous Terms for GIS and Sources. Terminology Source

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Principles of GIS

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  1. Principles of GIS 481/581 Peter Li, Earth Sciences TTU

  2. Introduction • What is GIS? • Applications of GIS • Software/Hardware/Training • Integration of other tools • Summary

  3. GIS Spatial Data

  4. Example of Synonymous Terms for GIS and Sources TerminologySource Geographic Information system US terminology Geographical information system European terminology Geomatique Canadian terminology Georelational information system Technology-based term. Natural resources information system Discipline-based term. Geoscience or geological information system Discipline-based term. Spatial information system Nongeographical derivative Spatial data analysis system Terminology based on what system does

  5. Definition ? • David Rhind “GIS is a computer system for collecting, checking, integrating , and analyzing information related to the surface of the earth”

  6. CAD (Computer Assisted Drafting) • Maps created from CAD with descriptive attributes are excellent for display but generally lack the analytical capabilities of a GIS • Architectural drawings, City planning, County assessor office, highway construction projects, Facility Services in campus - agencies using CAD.

  7. CAD - programs • Autodesk’s AutoCAD • Intergraph’s MicroStation • Data file format - dxf, dgn, dwg.

  8. Interchange between CAD and GIS • CAD generates dgn, dwg, and dxf file format. • When input to ArcView or other GIS software, the features will not 100% be transferred. • The major problem of receiving data from CAD - projection system is undefined.

  9. Subsyetems of GIS

  10. Input systems - a comparison between Analog and Digital • Map (analog) • Input recorded on paper from • Point, Lines, Areas • Sources • Aerial photo • Digital Remote Sensing • Surveying • Visual descriptions • Census data • Statistical data. etc. • GIS (digital) • Input encoded into computers • from (geocoding, etc.) • Point, Lines, Areas • Sources • same as map data • Digital line graph (DLG) • Digital elevation models (DEMs) • Digital orthophotoquads • GPS linked • Other digital databases

  11. Storage/Retrieval systems - a comparison between Analog and Digital Map (analog) Point, Lines, Areas are drawn on paper with symbols retrieval is simply a matter of map reading GIS (digital) Points/lines/polygons are stored as grid cells or coordinate pairs and points in computer Attribute tables are associated with coordinate pairs Retrieval requires efficient computer search techniques

  12. Analysis systems - a comparison between Analog and Digital Map (analog) Requires rulers, planimeters, compass, and other tools all used by the human analyst Restricted to the data as they are aggregated and represented on the paper map GIS (digital) Uses the power of the computer to measure, compare, and describe contents of the database Allows ready access to the raw data and allows aggregation and reclassification for further analysis

  13. Output systems - a comparison between Analog and Digital Map (analog) Graphics device only Modifications can include cartograms etc. GIS (digital) The map is only one type of GIS output With minor exceptions, GIS offers same options as traditional hand-drawn maps Also includes tables, charts, diagrams, photos, Query stations, interactive GIS maps

  14. Applications of GIS • Where is the Next McDonald Site Selection • Marketing GIS • Environmental Planning • Hydrology of the surface and groundwater, • Non-point sources pollutions, • Watershed applications, wetland management, • Air pollution modeling and • Environmental health • Demographic modeling of population change. • Resources Management and • Emergency Response System, and • many others

  15. Hardware • UNIX, Windows, Mac • Large amount of RAM • Storage/Backup device • Enough power

  16. Software • ArcInfo • ArcView • Additional modules • MapInfo • Intergraph MGE • Autodesk’s Map2000i • Bentley’s MicroStation

  17. Training • ESRI’s short courses • Consulting company’s workshops • University and College courses • On-job training

  18. Integration of other tools • GPS reading directly input to GIS • Remote Sensing tools - idrisiw, ERDAS imagine,.. • COGO, Surveying tools

  19. Where is the meat?

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