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Mediation: The Four Steps

Mediation: The Four Steps. David A. Kenny davidakenny.net. Mediation Webinar. Basics. The Beginning Model. c. Y. X. The Mediational Model. M. b. a. c'. Y. X. The Four Paths. X  Y: path c X  M: path a M  Y (controlling for X): path b

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Mediation: The Four Steps

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  1. Mediation: The Four Steps David A. Kenny davidakenny.net

  2. Mediation Webinar • Basics

  3. The Beginning Model c Y X

  4. The Mediational Model M b a c' Y X

  5. The Four Paths • X  Y: path c • X  M: path a • M  Y (controlling for X): path b • X  Y (controlling for M): path c′ (standardized or unstandardized)

  6. In the 1980s Different Researchers Proposed a Series of Steps to Test Mediation • Judd & Kenny (1981) • James & Brett (1984) • Baron & Kenny (1986)

  7. Steps • Step 1: X Y (test path c) • Step 2: X M (test path a) • Step 3: M (and X)  Y (test path b) • Step 4: X (and M) Y (test path c′)

  8. Differences in the Three Approaches • James & Brett assuming complete mediation estimate Step 3 without controlling for X whereas both Judd & Kenny and Baron & Kenny control for X. • Judd & Kenny and James & Brett require all four steps whereas Baron & Kenny do not require Step 4.

  9. Steps Incredibly Popular with Practitioners Suggested a straightforward way of testing mediation using a widely available estimating method. Very often lead to a successful result: Some sort of mediation was indicated. Very widely adopted and eventually the expectation was for some sort of mediational analysis. 9

  10. References Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619. James, L. R., & Brett, J. M. (1984).  Mediators, moderators and tests for mediation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 307-321. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. 10

  11. More Mediation Webinars • Indirect Effect • Testing the Indirect Effect • Causal Assumptions

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