Blood and Lymphatic System

1. Blood and Lymphatic System BY : Grace Moreno and Kelsey Bunch

5. Blood • The Function: to transport respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances • Formed Elements • Components that make up the blood • Erythrocytes(red blood cell): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide • Thrombocytes(platelet): clots the blood • Leukocytes(white blood cells): defends against pathogens

6. Formed Elements

7. The Blood Groups • the differences in human blood is because the presence or absence of antibodies and antigens • A: 41% of the population • B: 10% of the population • AB: 4% of the population • O: 45% of the population

8. Rh Factor • Determines whether the Blood is positive or negative • 85% of the population has the RH factor which makes them positive • 15% of the population does not have the RH Factor which makes them negative

9. Plasma • Fluid part of the blood • circulation medium of blood cells, provides nutrients • removes metabolic waste products

10. Lymphatic System • Is a vessel system connected to the circulatory system • Returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream • Structures: lymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes

11. Functions of the Lymphatic System • Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back into the bloodstream • Protects the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response • Serves as the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestines into the bloodstream

12. Lymph • Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid • 95% water • Made up protein and plasma

13. How does this System Work With Other Systems ? • Works closely with the Immune System and Circulatory System • Both the Immune and Lymphatic Systems contain elements to fight off pathogens and antigens to protect the body

14. Accessory Organs • Spleen: soft, dark red, oval body in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, reservoir for blood • Tonsils: lymphoid masses, located in the face and pharynx, filter bacteria and help make white blood cells • Thymus: located in mediastinal cavity, forms antibodies, develops the immune response in newborn, makes T-Cells

15. Immune System • Consist of tissues, organs, and physiologic processes • Identifies abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body

16. Immune Response • Reaction of the body to foreign substances • Can be described as humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity

17. Humoral Immunity • Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) in response to antigen exposure and formation of antibodies • Major defense against bacterial infections

18. Antigen • Substance such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induces the formation of antibodies

19. Antibody • Protein substances that are developed in response to a specific antigen • Also referred to as an immunoglobulin • Complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes • Neutralize or destroy antigens

20. Cellular immunity or Cell-mediated immunity • Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells) • Responds to injury and natural killer cells that attack other foreign/infected cells • Major defense against infections caused by viruses, fungi, and a few bacteria

21. Four Phases of Immune Response • 1. Recognizes the foreign substance or the invader (enemy) • 2. Body’s defenses are activated: body produces more white blood cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells • 3. The attack phase where the preceding defenders of the body produce antibodies and seek out/kill foreign invader (phagocytosis) • 4. Slowdown phase, number of defenders returns to normal

22. T and B cells • T Cell of the Helper type: identify the enemy and rush to the spleen and lymph nodes to make more cells to fight off the foreign substance • T Cell of the Natural Killer (NK) Type: large granular lymphocytes that specialize in killing/fighting infected cells • B Cell: reside in the spleen or lymph nodes and produce antibodies for specific antigens

24. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids) • Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • Final stage of HIV disease • Low T-Cell count • Symptoms can include headache, chronic cough, diarrhea, swollen glands, lack of energy etc. • Anyone can get HIV and Aids regardless of age • Treatment with antiviral therapy

25. Allergic Rhinitis • Collection of symptoms that typically occur in the nose and eyes • Typically occurs after exposure to airborne particles of dust, dander, or pollen • Commonly known as hay fever • Allergy testing can reveal specific allergens that a person is reacting to • Goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation • Treatment includes allergy shots

26. Allergic Rhinitis

27. Anaphylaxis • Sudden type of allergic reaction (within seconds or minutes) which affects the whole body • Response to a substance that a person has become very sensitive to • During reaction the body releases histamine and other substances • Symptoms include inflammation, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock • Can occur in response to any allergen • Requires immediate treatment • Treatment includes CPR and Epi Pens

28. Anemia • Reduction in the number of circulating blood cells such as hemoglobin and red blood cells • Symptoms are due to tissue hypoxia or lack of oxygen • Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, headaches etc. • One type is Iron deficiency anemia which causes hemorrhaging • Hemorrhaging is the loss of blood • Treatment according to the type of anemia can include supplemental iron, B12 injections, folic acid supplementation, blood transfusions etc.

29. Anemia • Healthy blood Cells • Iron deficient anemia blood cells

30. Leukemia • Any group of diseases of the blood involving uncontrolled increase of white blood cells • Common types include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) • CLL is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by a slow increase of white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow • CLL occurs in about 2 per 100,000 people • ALL is a cancer of the lymph cells characterized by large numbers of white blood cells • ALL causes blood cell to loose its ability to mature and specialize • ALL is responsible 80% of child leukemia, 20% of adult leukemia

31. What Leukemia Looks Like in the Bloodstream

32. Bibliography • www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg • img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/Structural-formula-for-x3b1-D-glucose.jpg • sr.photos1.fotosearch.com/bthumb/CSP/CSP713/k7130940.jpg • static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg • upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Blood_clot_diagram.png • upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Leukemia_(aml).jpg • www.dynamicwellnesssolutions.org/images/lymphatic_system-dynamic_wellness_solutions.gif • www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/19316_9928_5.jpg • www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg • www.asdk12.org/staff/johansen_annette/pages/webPics/wnlRBC.jpg • Tim Taylor, . N.p.. Web. 25 Jan 2014. <http://www.innerbody.com/image/lympov.html>.Rice, Jane. Medical Terminology A Word-Building Approach. 6th edition. Prentice Hall, Print. • upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png/350px-Illu_lymph_node_structure.png • www.knowyourbody.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Right-lymphatic-duct-Image.jpg

33. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/functions-of-the-lymphatic-system.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/functions-of-the-lymphatic-system.html#lesson