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Managing Information Technology

Managing Information Technology. CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER HARDWARE. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS. First Generation (1946-1959). First Generation of Computers Vacuum Tubes Magnetic Drum Memories. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS. First Generation (1946-1959).

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Managing Information Technology

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  1. Managing Information Technology CHAPTER 2COMPUTER HARDWARE

  2. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

  3. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS First Generation (1946-1959) • First Generation of Computers • Vacuum Tubes • Magnetic Drum Memories

  4. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS First Generation (1946-1959) Second Generation (1959-1964) • Second Generation of Computers • Transistors • Magnetic Core Memories

  5. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS First Generation (1946-1959) Second Generation (1959-1964) Third Generation (1964-late 1970s) • Third Generation of Computers • Integrated Circuits • Semiconductor Memories • Operating System

  6. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS First Generation (1946-1959) Second Generation (1959-1964) Third Generation (1964-late 1970s) Fourth Generation (1980s-present) • Fourth Generation of Computers • Large-Scale Integration (LSI) and Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Circuits • Communication Between Computers • Multiple Processors in a Single Machine

  7. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS First Generation (1946-1959) Second Generation (1959-1964) Third Generation (1964-late 1970s) Fourth Generation (1980s-present) Minicomputers (1970s-present) • Minicomputers • Same Technologies as Third and Fourth Generations • Smaller Machine Size • Smaller Business and Scientific Applications

  8. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS First Generation (1946-1959) Second Generation (1959-1964) Third Generation (1964-late 1970s) Fourth Generation (1980s-present) Minicomputers (1970s-present) Microcomputers (late 1970s-present) • Microcomputers • Microprocessors • Single-User Systems

  9. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

  10. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS • All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: input, output, memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and files • Control unit and arithmetic/logical unit together known as the central processing unit (CPU)

  11. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input • Device(s) needed to enter data into the computer for it to use in its computations

  12. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input • Terminal • Simpler than a PC • Designed strictly for input and output • Has keyboard and screen • Does not have a processor • Connected to computer with telecommunication line • Allows user to key data directly into computer

  13. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input • Common input methods • Keyboard: input entered by user through keystrokes • Disk drive: data on disk read into memory • Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): used to process bank checks • Bar code labeling: scans bar codes on packages or products, and reads into computer

  14. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input • Common input methods (cont’d) • Optical character recognition (OCR): directly scans typed, printed, or handwritten material • Imaging: inputs digital form of documents and photos

  15. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Output • Device(s) needed to produce results in a usable format

  16. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Output • Common output methods • Video display unit: displays output on a screen • Disk drive: output written to disk for retrieval later • Printer: output to paper using various types of printers

  17. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Output • Common output methods • Computer output microfilm (COM): microfilm generated for archive copies in small space • Voice response units: computer recognizes input, generates verbal response messages

  18. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory • Referred to as main memory or primary memory • All data flows to and from memory

  19. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory • Divided into cells • Each has a unique address • Can only store limited amount of data • Byte: stores one character of data • Word: stores two or more characters of data

  20. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory

  21. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory • Each memory cell is a set of circuits • Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0) • Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit) • Most computers – 8 bits (circuits) represents a character (byte) • 2 common bit coding schemes used today: • ASCII • EBCDIC

  22. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory . . .

  23. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic/logic unit • Carries out: • Mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Logical operations (number comparisons)

  24. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic/logic unit • Consists of VLSI circuits on a silicon chip • Can perform up to billions of operations per second • Numbers are taken from memory as input and results are stored in memory as output

  25. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files • File devices used to store vast quantities of data

  26. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files • Main memory is limited, volatile, and expensive • File devices, or secondary memory, are used to store additional data that is nonvolatile • Main disadvantage is the relatively slow speed • File storage devices: • Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives • Optical CD or DVD drives

  27. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files • Sequential Access Files • Records are stored in sequence according to file’s control key • Usually stored on magnetic tape • Direct Access Files • Records can be accessed immediately, without regard to physical location • Stored on Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD)

  28. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files • Types of DASDs: • Fixed (hard) drives • Optical disk storage • CD-ROM • CD-R • CD-RW • DVD-ROM • DVD-R • DVD-RW

  29. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files • Types of DASDs: • Removable drives • Floppy drives • Zip drives • Keychain drives

  30. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Control unit • Controls the other five components of the computer system

  31. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Control unit • Used to take advantage of speed and capacity of other components • List of operations, called a program, tells the control unit what to do • These operations are read from memory, interpreted, and carried out one at a time (stored-program concept)

  32. STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT • Program • A list of what is to be done for an application • Each step or operation is called an instruction • Machine language • Form of a program that can be understood by a specific computer model • Consists of operation code and addresses

  33. STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT • Measure of computer power • Millions of instructions per second (MIPS) • Millions of floating point operations per second (MFLOPS) • Benchmarking involves running a set of real jobs on various machines to compare speed

  34. STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT Benchmarking

  35. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Cache memory • High-speed, high-cost storage • Used as intermediary between control unit and main memory • Compensates for speed mismatches built into the computer system

  36. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Cache memory • Locality of reference • If a piece of data is used, there is a high probability that a nearby piece of data will be used shortly thereafter • Data reuse • Data is retained in cache until it has not been recently referenced

  37. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Multiprocessor systems • Systems that contain more than one processor • Dual-processor vs. dual-core • Dual-processor systems contain two physically separate processors in the same box • Dual-core systems contain two complete processors manufactured as part of a single chip

  38. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Multiprocessor systems • Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) • All processors are identical and work independently of each other • Parallel processor (PP) • Multiple processors work on separate pieces of the same program • Massively parallel processor (MPP) • Machines with a large number of parallel processors

  39. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers • Also called personal computers or PCs • Can generally be carried or moved by one person and only have one keyboard and display unit • Examples: • Desktop PC • Laptop or notebook • Handheld or palmtop • Tablet PC

  40. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers

  41. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers • Two major types of microcomputers • IBM-compatible PCs • Apple microcomputers • Have been put to a myriad of uses • Record-keeping • Word processing • Games • Presentations • Programming

  42. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midrange systems • Broadest category of computer systems • Workstations • More powerful microcomputers • Success due to development of the reduced instruction set computing (RISC) chip • Minicomputers • Similar to mainframe systems, but less powerful and less expensive • Used for departmental computers, office automation, and servers

  43. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midrange systems • Subcategories • Low-end midrange systems • Essentially high-powered PCs • Typically built on Intel Pentium, Celeron, or Xeon processors or AMD Opteron processors • Often run Windows Server • High-end midrange systems • Powered by RISC processors or top-of-the-line Intel or AMD processors • Usually run Linux or some variation of UNIX

  44. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midrange systems • Subcategories (cont’d) • Similar to minicomputers • Better input/output capabilities than workstations • Easy-to-use commercial applications software • Legacy systems, but those that remain have incorporated RISC processors and UNIX

  45. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Mainframe computers • The heart of the computer systems for most major corporations and government agencies • Major strength is versatility in applications • Online and batch processing • Standard business applications • Engineering and scientific applications • Network control • Systems development • Web serving

  46. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Mainframe computers

  47. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Supercomputers • Serve as “number-crunchers” • Handle problems generated by research scientists • High-end supercomputers located in government research laboratories and major universities • Fastest supercomputer (IBM Blue Gene/L) incorporates 65,536 processors and can achieve performance of 280.6 teraflops

  48. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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