THE BRAIN: the Neuron/brain cell EVERYTHING PSYCHOLOGICAL IS ALSO BIOLOGICAL.

1. THE BRAIN: the Neuron/brain cell EVERYTHING PSYCHOLOGICAL IS ALSO BIOLOGICAL. To understand things like sleep and dreams, depression and schizophrenia, hunger and sex, stress and disease, we must understand human BIOLOGY. I. The foundation: Neuron/nerve cells. A. 100 billion +, throughout the body B. they ZAP - they communicate, and send ELECTRICAL messages. C. they ZAP - send CHEMICAL messages D. Every mood/urge/thought you have is zapped, and it is chemical

2. Will Explain Why We FEEL…… Neural and Hormonal Systems Nervous Strong Sick Pain

3. It all Starts with the Neuron

4. Neuron Structure Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is called synaptic cleft.

5. Neural Bases of Psychology: The Structure of a Neuron

7. Dendrite Fine hair-like extensions on the end of a neuron. • Function: receive incoming stimuli. • Cell Body or Soma The control center of the neuron. • Function: Directs impulses from the dendrites to the axon. • Nucleus  Control center of the Soma. • Function: Tells the soma what to do. • Axon Pathway for the nerve impulse (electrical message) from the soma to the opposite end of the neuron. • Myelin Sheath  An insulating layer around an axon. Made up of Schwann cells. • Nodes of Ranvier Gaps between schwann cells. • Function: to keep charge going through the relatively long axon – without these spaces, the charge might lose its intensity before reaching the end of the cell

8. How Do Neurons Operate? • Neuron at Rest  Resting Potential • Occurs when the neuron is at rest. • A condition where the outside of the membrane is positively(+) charged compared to the inside which is negatively(-)charged. • Neuron is said to be polarized.

9. Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication • Within a neuron, communication occurs through an action potential (neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron).

10. Steps of Action Potential • Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across the synapse. • Reached its threshold- then fires based on the all-or-none response. • Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge). • The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal. • Process continues down axon to the axon terminal. • Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.

11. Action Potential

12. The All-or None Response • The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing. • Like a gun

13. How Neurons Communicate

15. Which sentence most closely describes neural transmissions? • A. an electric charge is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that cross the synapse to the next cell • B. a chemical change occurs within the cell, the change causes an electric charge to be produced and the charge jumps the gap between the nerve cells. • C. the electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding cells

16. Neurotransmitters • Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse. • We should know at least 6 types and what they do.

17. Acetylcholine • Its function is motor movement and maybe memory. Too much and you will…. Not enough and you will…. Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

18. Dopamine • Its function is motor movement and alertness. Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease. Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.

19. Serotonin • Function deals with mood control. Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression.

20. Endorphins • Function deals with pain control. We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.

21. What are agonists and antagonists? • They are drugs • Agonists mimic neurotransmitters. • Example: Nicotine is an ACh agonist • Antagonists block neurotransmitters: • Example: curare – a poison - is an antagonist for ACh (paralyzes you)

22. Agonists and Antagonists

23. Examples: A person smokes a cigarette. Nicotine in the blood causes an EXCITATORY action potential for acetylcholine to fire. The synaptic vesicles release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the synapse, and the person feels more alert (their lungs are another matter altogether).

24. Examples: A person is given morphine, an opiate, at the hospital for pain from an operation. The morphine is administered into the vein, which means it goes directly into the blood. The morphine tips the +- balance, and this causes an inhibitory action potential to fire which causes the release of the neurotransmitters called endorphins. When the endorphins float across the synapse, the person doesn’t feel the pain from the surgery.

25. Examples: A person takes an allergy pill for seasonal allergies. The allergy pill goes into the bloodstream, and tips the +- balance. This causes an inhibitory action potential to fire for the neurotransmitter GABA. When GABA floats across the synapse, the person’s allergy symptoms are controlled. However, they are also sleepy and want to go to sleep in a hammock on a calm beach somewhere, because GABA is inhibitory and slows/calms everything down.

26. You eat some bad Chinese food and feel you are losing control of your muscles. The bacteria you ingested from the food most likely interferes with the use of: • A. serotonin • B. insulin • C. acetylcholine • D. thorazine • E. adrenaline

27. What is reuptake? • The mopping up of excess neurotransmitter.

28. How does Prozac work? • It is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

29. How does Cocaine work? The white cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine.

30. Types of Neurons • There are 3 types of neurons. • Sensory Neurons Neurons located near receptor organs (skin, eyes, ears). • Function: receive incoming stimuli from the environment. • Motor Neurons Neurons located near effectors (muscles and glands) • Function: Carry impulses to effectors to initiate a response. • Interneurons Neurons that relay messages between other neurons such as sensory and motor neurons. (found most often in Brain and Spinal chord).

31. Types of Neurons

32. Sensory Neurons(Afferent Neurons) • Take information from the senses to the brain.

33. Motor Neurons(Efferent Neurons) • Take information from brain to the rest of the body.

34. Central Nervous System Made up of Brain and Spinal Chord Made up of billions of neurons, sending electrical and chemical messages. CNS Spinal chord brain

35. Entire Nervous System ………is a communication system, much like Curtis High School.

36. - Administration/Support People Classes/Teachers/Students

37. This is just like the Nervous System – it’s one big organization, divided into 1) the Central Nervous System, and 2) the Peripheral Nervous System The Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Administration/Support People Classes/Teachers/Students

38. The Nervous System These two systems are further divided into more sections: Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Administration/Support People Classes/Teachers/ Students Autonomic Division/ Involuntary Somatic Division/ Voluntary Spinal Chord BRAIN Support personnel administration Required classes Electives

39. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Peripheral Nervous System PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

40. The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

41. Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System SENSORY NERVES/ AFFERENT MOTORNERVES/ EFFERENT Somatic and Autonomic Somatic/Skeletal/ Autonomic/ Voluntary Involuntary Parasympathetic Sympathetic

42. Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System - illustrated Somatic and Autonomic Somatic/Skeletal/ Autonomic/ Voluntary Involuntary SENSORYNERVES/ AFFERENT MOTORNERVES/ EFFERENT Parasympathetic Sympathetic

44. Sympathetic NS • Mobilizes the body during extreme conditions • Considered “fight or flight” system • Involves E activities: emergency, excitement, exercise, and embarassment • If you are threatened: • Heart rate and breathing increase • Pupils dilate • Skin cold and sweaty • Bronchioles dilate • Liver releases glucose

46. The PSNS performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy • If the sympathetic stimulates, the parasympathetic slows the system back down (think of PARAchute) • Provides homeostasis homeo = same Homeostasis means same state you were in before you saw the dog and the snake!

47. Think how the right side is different from the left side.

48. A Simple Reflex

49. The Endocrine System A system of glands that secrete hormones. Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters. Hormones Neurotransmitters

50. Endocrine system The Pituitary gland – regulates growth, also releases a hormone called ACTH under PROLONGED stress, linked to repressed immune systems.