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Phylum Chordata (includes the vertebrates)

Phylum Chordata (includes the vertebrates). i.e. fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Notochord, nerve cord, gill slits, tail. Vertebrates. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata 6 classes: Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fish Class Chondrichthtyes: Sharks and Rays

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Phylum Chordata (includes the vertebrates)

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  1. Phylum Chordata(includes the vertebrates) • i.e. fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • Notochord, nerve cord, gill slits, tail

  2. Vertebrates Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata 6 classes: Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fish Class Chondrichthtyes: Sharks and Rays Class Amphibia: frogs, toads, salamanders Class Reptilia: lizards, snakes, turtles, crocadiles Class Aves: Birds Class Mammalia: Mammals

  3. Class Osteichtyes: Bony Fish (salmon, trout, halibut, goldfish!) • Bony skeleton • Operculum (gill cover) • Fish use oxygen in water • Swim bladder • Scales • Aquatic • Ectotherms • Ecological roles: mutualism • Sensitive to pollution: PCBs, pesticides, mercury • Fish farms

  4. Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks and Rays • Skeleton made of cartilage • Oil in liver (no swim bladder) • Ectotherms • Placoid scales • Cloaca • 9 of 250 shark species are man-eaters • Shark cartilage used for burn victims • Find prey by electrical fields • Key predators in the ocean (maintain a balance) • Relation to cancer, cataracts

  5. Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders) • Double life: semi-terrestrial (land and water) • Young are aquatic, adults mostly on land • (metamorphosis) • No scales/Mucus on skin • Ectotherms • Frog life cycle • No amniotic egg • Difference between frog and toad? • Declining amphibians? • Frog calls • Poison glands • Warning coloration

  6. Class Reptilia: snakes, lizards, turtles etc • Scales • Amniotic egg • Terrestrial • No metamorphosis • Hemi-penis • Jacobson’s organ (tongue flicking) • Ectotherms • Useful predators • Venemous snakes/pit vipers • Importance of alligators (keystone species)

  7. Snake Locomotion 1. Lateral Undulation: most common form Effective in any habitat Body pressed sideways against substrate 2. Sidewinding: 2-3 points of body in contact with substrate as they pull forward sideways 3. Concertina: loops of the body used Used in burrow 4. Rectilinear: body in nearly a straight line Muscles on ribs move scutes Used by heavy snakes

  8. Class Aves: Birds • Feathers, scales on legs • Terrestrial • Endotherms • Reptilian ancestors • No urinary bladder • Uropigial gland: oil gland at base of tail • Uric acid • Archaeopteryx (primitive bird) • Many ecological roles • Owl pellets • illegal pet trade of exotic birds

  9. Archaeopteryx :An Early Bird

  10. Altricial: helpless and featherless Sparrow, eagles Lay less eggs Precocial: feathered, independent Ducks Lay more eggs

  11. Class Mammalia: Mammals • Terrestrial, although some have returned to the water • Mammary glands (Milk glands) • Monotremes: Primitive mammals that lay eggs • (Platypus and echidna) • Live birth, mouse life cycle • Endotherms • Types of mammals: • Placentals (mouse, humans) • Cetaceans (whales and dolphin) • Carnivores (meat eaters such as bears, wolves) • Ungulates (hooved)

  12. A phylogeny showing the relationships among cetacean families.

  13. Reconstruction of Kutchicetus Reconstruction of Ambulocetus natans Reconstruction of Pakicetus

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