The Rise of Puritanism: Puritans, Separatists, and Calvinism in Early American Colonies

1. Chapter 3Settling the Northern Colonies1619-1700

2. I. The colonists established different patterns of settlement. • Economies (tobacco, farming, shipping) • Political systems (town, city, county) • Sets of values (rough vs religious) • ►North + religion = puritans • ►Middle + people = tolerance • ►South + tobacco = money

3. Martin Luther Protestant Reformation Rise of Puritanism Luther declared the Bible only word of God Salvation by faith only Protestantism v. Catholicism dominated politics

4. John Calvin Geneva, Switzerland Expounds on ML's teachings: Calvinism the root of Puritanism, Scottish Presbyterianism, the French Huguenots, and the Dutch Reformed church 1536 - Institutes of the Christian Religion Principles of Calvinism: − God is all-powerful and all good − Humans are weak and wicked − Predestination: − from the moment of creation, the elect had already been chosen for heaven--the rest are bound for hell. − Visible saints: demonstrate their membership in the elect by living holy lives

5. Puritans seek greater purification of the Anglican Church (want it less Roman) − believe only "visible saints" should be admitted into Church vs. Separatists extreme Puritanism − share the fundamental beliefs of the Puritans but believe the Anglican church was beyond reform…therefore they sought separation from the Anglican church − James I (1603-1625) sees this religious defiance as possible political defiance and begins crackdowns on the Separatists

6. Puritanism • Calvinism  Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination. • Good works could not save those predestined for hell. • No one could be certain of their spiritual status. • Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.” • Puritans: • Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England of any Catholic traits • Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

7. Separatists • Separatist Beliefs: • Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership. • Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.” • Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.

8. The Protestant Reformation produced the Puritans • (Martin Luther & later John Calvin – predistination • aka Calvanism) • A. Puritans = Catholicism out of England faster. • 1. Only visible saints in church • 2. Puritan Separatists broke away from the • Church of England.

9. James I (1603 - 1625) • King James I, a shrewd Scotsman, was head of both the state and the church in England from 1603 to 1625 and he quickly perceived that if his subjects could defy him as their spiritual leader they might one day defy him as political leader (in fact they beheaded his son, Charles I) • James therefore threatened to harass the Separatists out of the land • He persecuted Pilgrims because they would not recognize him as the religious leader of the Church of England. • So, they became a political risk as well.

10. The Mayflower • 1620  a group of 102 people [half Separatists] • Negotiated with theVirginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction. • Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish. • Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company. • Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.

11. Sources of Puritan Migration

12. Pilgrims established Plymouth Bay in 1620. • 1. Mayflower Compact - This was the first attempt • at a government in America. • 2. William Bradford was elected 30 times as • governor.

13. PILGRIMS • Difficult winter (44 out of 102 survived)…. • First year went through a “starving time” • Developed friendly relations with Indian tribes • Squanto befriended settlement • Plymouth settlement survived under the leadership of Gov. William Bradford • First Thanksgiving

14. Leadership − Capt. Myles Standish (Indian fighter and negotiator) and − journals reflect fear of outsiders (non-Puritans) might corrupt the "godly experiment" Plymouth will eventually merge with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691

15. Contrast with Virginia: Different environment & key role of religion for Puritans • Congregationalists & Separatists • Pilgrims (the latter) found Plymouth (1620) • Fled Religious and Political Persecution

16. GOD MY POWER

17. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620 • Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. • Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. • Signed by 41 adult males. • Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

18. MAYFLOWER COMPACT • 41 Male passengers on the Mayflower formed into a “civil body politic”, signed a compact promising to write and obey "just and equal laws ... for the general good of the colony." • The compact brought an element of democracy to America and was an example of the practice of self-government in the colonies. • All the colonies practiced some form of self-government…………

19. MAYFLOWER COMPACT preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and “frame such just and equal laws”, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which “we promise all due submission and obedience”. In witness whererof we have hereunto subscribed our names a Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the reign of our sovereign lord, King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the fifty-fourth…..AD 1620.

20. MAYFLOWER COMPACT In the name of God, amen…We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc, having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our King and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a “civil body politic”, for our better ordering and

21. PILGRIMS Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay Colony

22. Colonizing New England

23. The MA Bay Colony • 1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. • Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. (Charles I & William Laud) • They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.” • 1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships • Established a colony with Boston as its hub. • “Great Migration” of the 1630s • Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America. • Not all Puritans  20,000 came to MA.

24. Massachusetts Bay Colony was formed by Puritans • in 1629 as a Royal Colony. (Purify not Separate) • 1. Great Migration – occurred in 1630s • 2. John Winthrop – first governor – 19 years. • 3. Not Democracy – Theocracy – controlled by • the church – all were taxed for church. • (Bible Commonwealth) • 4. John Cotton – leading minister. • 5. City on a Hill – Symbolic name for colony.

25. PURITANS • John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony • Middle class settlers, educated and organized • Successful as fur traders, fishermen and shipbuilders • Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or theocracy • New England Way = Puritan covenant with God • To establish holy society----”city upon a hill”

26. PURITAN MIGRATION 1629 to 1640

27. PURITANS • Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay Colony • Communities well organized • Established towns • Protestant Work Ethic • Family values

28. Building the Bay Colony • Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation” • Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hell

29. Building the Bay Colony • Franchise (right to vote) extended to “freemen” – adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England) • However, in town government, all property-owning males could vote in town meetings • Direct democracy----self government • Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influential

30. Trouble in Bible Colony(Puritan Rebels) • Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t last • Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executions • Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“antinomianism” the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) • Banished from Mass. Bay • Travels to Rhode Island with her children and helps organize this settlement

31. Puritan “Rebels” • Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman. • Threatened patriarchal control. • Antinomialism [direct revelation] • Means “against the law.” • Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination. • Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. • Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. AnneHutchinson

32. Anne Hutchinson’s Trial • 1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders for days. • Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God. • Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism ( not obeying religious laws for salvation) WHY?? • Puritan leaders banished her  she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. • She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County. • John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

33. Puritan “Rebels” • Puritan woman who was accused of • overstepping the bounds of women • in religious practices – banished AnneHutchinson

34. Puritan “Rebels” • Roger Williams – a Young, popular minister in Salem. • Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church. • Condemned MA Bay Charter. • Did not give fair compensation to Indians. • Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior. • 1635  found guilty of preaching new & dangerous opinions and was exiled – Formed Rhode Island Roger Williams

35. Rhode Island • Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI • Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. • freedom of opportunity for all. • RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  More liberal than any other colony! • “Traditional home of the otherwise minded” – Rogue’s Island

36. 6. Anne Hutchinson – Challenged Puritan leaders by interpreting sermons – banished 7. Roger Williams – Popular Salem minister also banished. Both helped form Rhode Island. 8. Rhode Island was established for religious freedom. 9. Quakers were also persecuted.

37. New England Spreads Out

38. D. New England Spreads Out 1. Hartford (1636) and New Haven(1638) – merged to form Connecticut in 1662 Thomas Hooker – leader of Hartford a. 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic government 2. New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colony - later king into royal colony

39. III. Native/Indian Relations • Almost 3/4s of all Natives killed in NE by early 1600s. Local Indians (Wampanoag) led by Massasoit befriend Pilgrims. (Peace Treaty - Thanksgiving) • A. 1637  Pequot War - Pequots very powerful tribe in CT river valley. (losing land) • 1. Whites, with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River. • Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors! • Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

40. 2. Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors! • 3. Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

42. A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

43. Population of the New England Colonies

44. Growth of the Colonies: 1690

46. New England • good harbors • small farms and towns • trade centered around harbors • hilly, forested and shallow soil • cities: Boston • 15,000 – 1750 • fishing, lumber and trapping • Family, religion and community • Massachusetts • New Hampshire • Rhode Island • Connecticut

47. E. In 1643, 4 colonies banded together to form the • New England Confederation.  • Only Puritan colonies • Created for protection. • Rhode Island & CT given charters by the king. • Mass Bay charter revoked in 1684.

48. Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

49. New England • Massachusetts • New Hampshire • Rhode Island • Connecticut

50. F. Salutary Neglect 1. Civil wars in England caused colonies to be ignored. 2. Colonist ignored laws limiting trade 3. By 1660s, the colonies are becoming very independent.