Ocean Accounts Tools & Methods

1. Ocean AccountsTools & Methods

2. Outline Outline • Learning objectives • Review of basics (5 min.) • Level 1 What? why? (compilers) • Concepts (15 min.) • Group exercise and discussion (30 min.) • Level 2 • Data sources, country examples and issues (15 min.) • Group exercise and discussion (15 min.) • Closing discussion (10 min.) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

3. 1. Learning Objectives Learning objectives Recommended reading: SEEA EEA (Ecosystems) SEEA EEA Technical Recommendations Training modules: SEEA EEA Spatial Units, Scaling and AggregationSEEA EEA Biophysical modelling SEEA EEA Classifications • Prerequisites: • Introduction to Environment Statistics • Introduction to Ocean Accounts • Level 1 • Understand what tools and methods are available and how they can be used • Understand the basic spatial, statistical and analytical concepts • Learn the steps of classifying and aggregating ocean data • Level 2 • Understand the common data options and sources • Understand the important conceptual issues • Be aware of how other countries have applied different spatial, statistical and analytical concepts Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

4. In the news… Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

5. 2. Basic concepts Basic concepts • Ocean accounts are spatial • The need for coherence (in maps and statistics) • Ecosystems are complex and provide “services” • Classifications (ecosystems, ecosystem services) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

6. 2. Basic concepts Ocean accounts are spatial Eigenraam et al. 2016. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

7. Integration in GIS (Geographic Information System) Overlay Downsample Aggregate Source: GAO (2004) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

8. 2. Basic concepts The need for coherence Ocean accounting requires: • Many map layers • A few definitions and classifications Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

9. 2. Basic concepts The need for coherence • Maps need standards, to combine them: • Projection (2-dimensional representation of a 3D world) • Shoreline (change and are not precise) • Spatial units (to reference locations and aggregate data) • And common definitions • Coastal, shoreline, pelagic, benthic • Many countries have a • National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) (OneMap) • Some are thinking about a Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) • Marine Spatial Plan (MSP) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

10. Ecosystems are complex and provide “services” • SEEA Central Framework & SEEA Ecosystems • The Ecosystem Services “Cascade” Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

11. 4. The details One environment: Two perspectives Ecosystems: Biotic and abiotic elements functioning together: Forests Lakes Cropland Wetlands Individual environmental assets & resources: Timber Water Soil Fish SEEA Central Framework starts with economy and adds natural assets, flows and residuals SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting starts with ecosystems and links their services to economic and other human activity Together, they provide the foundation for measuring the relationship between the environment, and economic and other human activity Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

12. The Ecosystem Services Cascade Source: Nottingham School of Geography • Ecosystem services are the contribution of ecosystems to a benefit for people… Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

13. 2. Basic concepts Definitions • Coastal: the line where land-based influences dominate up to a maximum of 100 kilometers from the coastline or 50-meter elevation (whichever is closer to the sea) and with the outward extent as the 50-meter depth contour (MA 2005) • Includes intertidal areas (lagoons, rocky shores, beaches, coral reefs, seagrass beds, estuaries, coastal dunes…) • Others? • Need to agree with terrestrial and freshwater (both may include beaches, estuaries, low-lying areas • Shoreline: a coastline position somewhere between the high water line and the low water line (the shore zone) and is therefore called a shoreline vector. (Sayre 2018) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

14. 2. Basic concepts Coastal and shoreline MA (2005) Seaward to 50m depth Landward to 50m elevation or 100km Sayre et al., 2018 Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

15. Going coastal Where is the shoreline? • it changes • during the day (tides) • with weather patterns • with erosion, deposition, reclamation • depending on resolution (fractal) Sayre et al. 2018 created a global 30m shoreline based on 2014 annual average Agree with people working on land accounts and terrestrial ecosystem accounts on shoreline and definition of “coastal”. Sayre R., et al. 2018. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

16. EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) Following article 57 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, a country’s EEZ may extend up to 200 nautical miles from the country’s normal baselines. The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Every effort is made to ensure this map is free of errors but there is no warrant the map or its features are either spatially or temporally accurate or fit for a particular use. This map is provided without any warranty of any kind whatsoever, either express or implied. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

17. 3. Level 1 Definitions Terrestrial and freshwater concepts: • Drainage basin: “catchment area”; the area of land that drains into the same river, lake or ocean • Watershed: height of land; the dividing line between two drainage basins Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

18. 3. Level 1 Definitions: Spatial units A hierarchy of statistical units about which information is compiled, derived, reported and compared • Ecosystem Accounting Area (EAA) • 54 Basic Spatial Units (BSU) • 6 Ecosystem Assets (EA) • 4 Ecosystem Types (ET) ? ? ? How many in EAA? Source: SEEA EEA Technical Recommendations Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

19. Definitions: pelagic, benthic Water column Pelagic Benthic Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

20. EMU: Ecological Marine Units (USGS/ESRI) Based on 27km, historical temperature, salinity, nutrients • From NOAA World Ocean Atlas • At many depths (three-dimensional complex shapes) • Map shows description of “water column” (one of 4 CMECS layers) • Not detailed for coastal  in progress • ESCAP tested correlations with • Aragonite • Coral cover  low correlation 16,520 Polygons 1,749 Combinations Adapted from: Sayer et al. 2017. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

21. 3. Level 1 Group exercise Have two maps of a small country, its coastal area and EEZ • Ecosystem type • Designated use • Transfer ecosystem type to use map • Count units of each ecosystem type in each designated use • Record in “cover by use” table • Report number of units: • coral reef protected • mangroves in tourist area • seagrasses not in designated use area c Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

22. Group exercise – Answers! • 7 units of coral reef are protected • 4 units of mangroves in tourist area • 6 units of seagrasses not in designated use area Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

23. Level 2 • Classification • Types of models • Country examples • Challenges Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

24. 3. Level 1 Classifications A classification is a way of “grouping” data: • Age (young=0-15, working=16-65, retirement=66+) • Industry: primary, manufacturing, service • Land cover: forest, inland water, grassland, wetland, coastal, mangrove, coral Best if • Mutually exclusive: One unit can be classified in only one category • Exhaustive: Covers all possibilities (e.g., all species, all land, all water) • Hierarchical: Detailed levels (e.g., dense coniferous forest) add to higher levels (e.g., all forest) • Include definitions of what to measure (and how) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

25. Classifications Why classify? • Aggregate (simplify) complex data by common properties • Example: 10 species  1 genus • Rules and definitions make sure everybody classifies the same way • Example: animal, no spinal chord, exoskeleton, 8 legs  arachnida • Integrate environment data (e.g., pollution generation of industry) with economic data (e.g., value added of industry) • A common language  pollution intensity (T/$ GDP) • Standard classifications are the “norm” • Variants can be explained relative to the “standard” • If everybody uses different classifications  incoherence Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

26. Classifications Some useful classifications: • SEEA CF Land Cover ≈ Ecosystem Type • Contains 14 classes (terrestrial, freshwater, coastal & intertidal) • “Marine” added later • SEEA CF Land Use ≈ designated use • Aquaculture, fishing, conservation, other • CMECS (Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Classification System) • Much detail, but not tested in all contexts • SEEA CF Natural Assets • Includes marine minerals, aquatic resources • CICES (Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services) V5.1 • 98 unique ecosystem services (including abiotic) • “Marine” services flagged • ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification) • Includes distinction between freshwater/coastal/marine economic activities (e.g., fishing, shipping, tourism…) Needs work Needs work Needs testing Needs review Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

27. Models and statistics • Climate • Temperature, GHGs • Biophysical • Species, size distribution • Catchment (waste flow) • Ecosystem • EwE (EcoPath with EcoSym) • Ecosystem management • MARXAN • Ecosystem services • Carbon, biomass, coastal protection • Holistic • Ocean Health Index • Socio-economic models • Population distribution • Consumption, wealth, risks • Future scenarios • Conditions, management, technology • Ideally, models (estimation methods) are integrated into overall information platform • Statistics  models • As with ecosystem services models (SEEA Expert Forum): • Many partial models: • AIRES, InVEST, MaxEnt, GLOBIO, LUCI… • Could be integrated if applied common concepts and classifications Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

28. Linking models to Ocean Accounts Coupled biophysical ecosystem models Catchment hydrodynamic & atmospheric models Ecosystem services models Socio-economic models Ecosystem extent & condition Ecosystem services supply Ecosystem services use & benefits, risks • Drivers • Social • Economic • Environmental • Biophysical • pH, DO, temp, Chl… • Biomass • Fish, benthic, plankton • Carbon sequestration • Nutrient uptake • Protein produced • Future scenarios • Conditions, use • Management, technology Global climate, biophysical & ecosystem Adapted from: Andy Steven, CSIRO Australia, ESCAP Ocean Accounting, Aug. 2018 Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

29. MARXAN Model – Candidate MPAs Puerto Rico Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

30. MARXAN Model – Candidate MPAs Many or few, depending on priorities Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

31. Ocean Health Index (OHI) Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

32. Port Philip Bay, Australia Eigenraam et al. 2016. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

33. Port Philip Bay, Australia Eigenraam et al. 2016. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

34. Port Philip Bay, Australia Eigenraam et al. 2016. Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

35. Progress and recommendations • Global data inventory • Many datasets on ecosystem extent, conditions, services supply • Special focus on creating “land cover map” for the ocean based on CMECS • “Test account” testing EMUs as a spatial unit to link aragonite with coral presence/status (EMUs too big) • Use Ocean Accounts principles to harmonize data into a public spatial data portal (with ESRI) • Recommended topics for testing • EMUs, ECUs (to come), smaller spatial units, links to LMEs, MEOW… • Review CICES for application in ocean accounts • Testing “best” model and data for linking SST, Chlorophyll & fish abundance Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

36. 4. Level 2 Discussion • Do you already have an NSDI (OneMap) or MSDI? • Do you already have a Marine Spatial Plan (MSP)? • Is it “comprehensive” (all EEZ, all uses…)? • What is the spatial framework (grid, biomes, use areas…)? • What are your relevant marine and coastal ecosystem types? Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods

37. References References Bordt, M., & Saner, M. (2019). Which ecosystems provide which services? A meta-analysis of nine selected ecosystem services assessments. One Ecosystem, 4, e31420. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.4.e31420 CICES. 2018. Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. https://cices.eu/ ESCAP. 2018. Asia and the Pacific Regional Expert Workshop on Ocean Accounts. https://www.unescap.org/events/asia-and-pacific-regional-expert-workshop-ocean-accounts ESCAP Resource Platform on Environment Statistics. http://communities.unescap.org/environment-statistics Lange, G. M., & Jiddawi, N. (2009). Economic value of marine ecosystem services in Zanzibar: Implications for marine conservation and sustainable development. Ocean & Coastal Management, 52(10), 521-532. Maes, J., Paracchini, M. L., & Zulian, G. (2011). A European assessment of the provision of ecosystem services: towards an atlas of ecosystem services. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, doi, 10(63557), 81. Pauly, D. , and D. Zeller. 2016. Global Atlas of Marine Fisheries: A critical appraisal of catches and ecosystem impacts. Washington D.C.: Island Press. Sayre R, et al. 2017. A three-dimensional mapping of the ocean based on environmental data. Oceanography. 30(1):90–103. Sayre R., et al. 2018. A new 30 meter resolution global shoreline vector and associated global islands database for the development of standardized ecological coastal units, Journal of Operational Oceanography, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714 Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z. A., Finlayson, M. A. X., ... & Martin, K. D. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. AIBS Bulletin, 57(7), 573-583. Statistics Canada. 2013. Human Activity and the Environment – Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-201-x/16-201-x2013000-eng.htm. UNSD et al. 2014. SEEA Central Framework. https://seea.un.org/content/seea-central-framework. UNSD et al. 2014. SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. https://seea.un.org/ecosystem-accounting. UNSD et al. 2017. Technical Recommendations for Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. https://seea.un.org/news/publication-technical-recommendations-experimental-ecosystem-accounting Zhao, R., Hynes, S., & He, G. S. (2014). Defining and quantifying China's ocean economy. Marine Policy, 43, 164-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.05.008 Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use

38. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements • Materials prepared by: • Michael Bordt, Teerapong Praphotjanaporn, Lyutong Cai ESCAP Statistics Division bordt@un.org Ocean Accounts - Tools & Methods