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Detection & Monitoring

Detection & Monitoring. Chapter 2. Objectives. List the goals of detection during Decontamination operations Discuss general detection principles Describe detection & monitoring for: Chemical events Biological events Radiological events. Detection. Goals of detection during an event:

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Detection & Monitoring

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  1. Detection & Monitoring Chapter 2 Basic Disaster Life Support

  2. Objectives • List the goals of detection during Decontamination operations • Discuss general detection principles • Describe detection & monitoring for: • Chemical events • Biological events • Radiological events DETECTION & MONITORING

  3. Detection • Goals of detection during an event: • Determine the possible cause • Determine if decontamination is necessary • Determine risks to workers • Recognizing the need for PPE is vital! Detection is Awareness ! DETECTION & MONITORING

  4. PELs • Permissible Exposure Limits • Federal standards for chemical exposure • Different chemicals have different limits • Not all chemicals have established PEL • 8 hour time weighted average concentration • Higher short term exposure limits (STEL) DETECTION & MONITORING

  5. IDLH • Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health • AKA the “Hot Zone” • Simply walking into the area could cause you to collapse and possibly die • Unknown releases are IDLH until proven otherwise DETECTION & MONITORING

  6. IDLH Examples • Confined space entry • Potentially explosive or flammable situations • Visible vapor clouds • Dead animals • Collapsed victims • Hospitals are not IDLH environments DETECTION & MONITORING

  7. Information Sources • Placarding • Emergency Response Guide Book • Shipping papers • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS ) • Product labeling • NFPA • NIOSH Handbook • Poison Control Centers DETECTION & MONITORING

  8. Hazardous Matetials • Explosives • Gases • Flammable Liquids • Flammable Solids • Oxidizing chemicals • Toxic or infectious substances • Radioactive • Corrosives • Miscellaneous DETECTION & MONITORING

  9. DETECTION & MONITORING

  10. ERG • Identifies UN number on placard • Refers to “Guide” with information on • Health and fire hazards • Protective Equipment needed • Containment & Evacuation • First aid & Emergency response DETECTION & MONITORING

  11. Shipping Papers • Required for ANY hazardous material being transported • Chemical name • Amount (weight or volume) • Hazard Classification DETECTION & MONITORING

  12. MSDS • Chemical Name • Hazard Identification • Physical & Chemical Properties • Information is NOT reviewed but any agency for completeness DETECTION & MONITORING

  13. NFPA Labels • Health Hazard • Flammability • Instability • 0 = Good • 4 = Very Bad • Special Hazards • Oxidizer • Water Reactive • Radiation DETECTION & MONITORING

  14. Chemical Names, synonyms, trade names, • Description of chemical and physical properties • PEL & IDLH values • Personal Protection Recommendations • Respirator Recommendations • Information on Health Hazards DETECTION & MONITORING

  15. Poison Control Centers • In depth information about health effects • In depth treatment information • Antidote availability • Toxicologist Consultation DETECTION & MONITORING

  16. Chemicals Wide Variety of Dispersal Mechanisms DETECTION & MONITORING

  17. Chemical Agent Clues • Rapid symptom onset • Multiple victims and civilian panic • Similar signs and symptoms • Present at same time • History of similar site exposure • Absence of traumatic injuries • Emergency responders may be affected • A disseminating device may be used • Cloud or vapor release or irritating odor • Animal or insect die-off DETECTION & MONITORING

  18. Chemical Agents Choking Blister Blood Nerve Phosgene Mustard Cyanide Tabun Chlorine Lewisite Sarin Phosgene Oxime Soman VX DETECTION & MONITORING

  19. PHOSGENE Odor: newly cut hay Symptoms: Coughing, choking, vomiting CHLORINE Odor: swimming pool Symptoms: Coughing, choking, vomiting Choking (Pulmonary) Chemical Agents DETECTION & MONITORING

  20. Mustard Odor: garlic Symptom onset: delayed Symptoms: tearing, eye itching, running nose, cough, blisters Lewisite Odor: geraniums Symptom onset: Immediate Symptoms: tearing, eye itching, running nose, cough, painful blisters Blister (Vesicant) Chemical Agents DETECTION & MONITORING

  21. Blood (Asphyxiant) Chemical Agents • Cyanide Gas Odor: Bitter almonds Symptom Onset: Rapid Symptoms: Normal skin color, gasping for air, shock & seizures DETECTION & MONITORING

  22. Nerve Agents(Cholinesterase Inhibitors) Odor Properties Tabun & Sarin: None or Fruity Volatile Soman: None Volatile VX: None / Sulfur Persistent Symptom Onset: Rapid to 48hrs Symptoms: Pinpoint pupils, salivation, runny nose, shortness of breath, chest tightness, nausea, muscle twitching, seizures, coma, death DETECTION & MONITORING

  23. Nerve Agents Signs and Symptoms D - defecation U - urination M – miosis (pinpoint pupils) B – BRONCHORRHEA, BRONCHOSPASM E – emesis (vomiting) L – lacrimation (watery eyes) S - salivation Muscarinic toxidrome DETECTION & MONITORING

  24. Nerve AgentSigns and Symptoms • M: Mydriasis (dilated pupils) • T: Tachycardia • W: Weakness • tH: Hypertension • F: Fasciculations (muscle twitching) Nicotinic toxidrome DETECTION & MONITORING

  25. Chemical Detection Devices • Identify unknown chemicals • Determine if situation is safe • Is concentration in air IDLH? • Monitor patients after decontamination • Significant clinical effects • Extremely dangerous chemicals • Highly contaminated victims DETECTION & MONITORING

  26. Chemical Detection Tools All have limited ranges of substances • Chemical Detection Papers • Concentrated vapors or liquids • Air Sampling Devices • Vapors or gasses in low concentration DETECTION & MONITORING

  27. Choosing a Detection Device DETECTION & MONITORING

  28. Choosing a Detection Device DETECTION & MONITORING

  29. Biological Agents • Infectious diseases or bacterial toxins • There may not be a “scene” • May be hard to detect • Long incubation period • Symptoms manifest slowly • Non-specific symptoms Ebola Beware of multiple “healthy” people with similar complaints! DETECTION & MONITORING

  30. Biological Agents “SAFETY” S: Skin rash with fever • Smallpox A: Acute Pulmonary Syndrome with fever • Anthrax and plague F: Flu like syndrome with fever • Tularemia and SARS E: Excessive Bleeding • Viral hemorrhagic fevers T: Toxin Effect without fever • Botulism Y: Your personal and community safety • Depends on recognition DETECTION & MONITORING

  31. Biological Detection • Mainly clinical diagnosis • Large numbers of victims • Unusually bad cases • Laboratory confirmation be delayed • Evidence of a bioterrorism attack: • Witness • Report or threat • Device found DETECTION & MONITORING

  32. Decon for Bio? • Decontamination is usually not needed • Patients have usually bathed during incubation • Exceptions would be known exposures • White powder letters • Spraying over crowds • Etc. • PPE may still be needed in either case DETECTION & MONITORING

  33. Radiological Events • Nuclear weapons will be obvious • Dirty bombs or simple dispersal devices may not! DETECTION & MONITORING

  34. DETECTION & MONITORING

  35. External Exposure / Irradiation · · s · Partial Body · Local · · Whole Body DETECTION & MONITORING

  36. Contamination External Internal DETECTION & MONITORING

  37. Radiation Injury Organ Damage Cellular Damage Chemical Damage Free Radicals 10-10 Seconds 1. Proteins 2. Membrane 3. DNA Tissue damage & Loss of organ function Hours to years Seconds to hours DETECTION & MONITORING

  38. DETECTION & MONITORING

  39. What to look for … • Most common presentation is Nausea and Vomiting • Onset may be delayed • Early symptom onset predicts worse outcome • Extreme cases may include hair loss, burns or loss of consciousness DETECTION & MONITORING

  40. Radiological Detection Survey Meters • “Geiger Counters” • Detect and measure the presence of radiation Dosimeters • Measure your personal radiation exposure. Survey meters Dosimeters DETECTION & MONITORING

  41. Rad Victim Monitoring • Use a survey meter • Be careful not to contaminate probes • Identify contaminated victims prior to decontamination • Unlike chemical post decontamination monitoring is needed for all victims • This will be a very slow process DETECTION & MONITORING

  42. Summary Now you can: • Define PEL and IDLH • Identify resources to aid in hazard identification and monitoring • Discuss general detection principles • Describe detection specifics for: • Chemical events (including “toxidromes”) • Biological events • Radiological events DETECTION & MONITORING

  43. Thank you!Questions? Basic Disaster Life Support

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