Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914) Lesson 1 Revolutions Sweep Europe

1. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914) Lesson 1 Revolutions Sweep Europe

2. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914) Lesson 1 Revolutions Sweep Europe Learning Objectives • Compare the goals of conservatives and liberals in 19th century Europe. • Identify the influence of liberty, equality, and nationalism on political revolutions. • Describe the causes and results of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

3. A Clash of Ideologies • At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the powerful rulers of Europe sought to suppress revolutionary ideas, preserve their own power, and set up a lasting peace. • Prince Clemens von Metternich, a commanding force at the congress, warned of the dangers of the 'revolutionary seed' spread by the French Revolution and Napoleon. • Revolutionary ideas, he warned, not only threatened Europe’s monarchs, but also undermined the values of the old social order.

4. Analyze Political Cartoons A determined Prince Metternich stands firm, with an angry crowd behind him. Who does the crowd represent, and what do they want? A Clash of Ideologies

5. Liberalism and Nationalism Spur Revolts • Challenging the conservatives at every turn were the liberals. • Liberals embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. • Their goals, and the rising tide of nationalism, ignited revolts across Europe.

6. Liberalism and Nationalism Spur Revolts After the Congress of Vienna, liberals repeatedly protested and rebelled against the conservative order. Compare How do the liberal protesters in this image differ in appearance from the image of the conservative leader Metternich in the previous text?

7. Liberalism and Nationalism Spur Revolts

8. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe • Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order. Although these ideas stirred unrest in Western Europe, the first successful nationalist revolts occurred in Eastern Europe. • Eastern Europe was home to a mix of peoples and religions. In the early 1800s, several Balkan peoples in southeastern Europe rebelled against the Ottomans, who had ruled them for more than 300 years.

9. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe Analyze Information Despite conservative efforts to suppress revolutions, uprisings exploded in Central Europe. How did nationalism spark uprisings and the spread of revolutionary ideas?

10. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe A Greek revolutionary carries the flag of rebellion during Greece's revolt against Ottoman rule in 1821. With aid from Russia, Britain, and France, Greece won independence by 1830.

11. Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • In the 1820s, conservative forces quickly suppressed the liberal uprisings in Spain, Portugal, and the Italian states. • They could not, however, end Europe’s age of revolutions. Liberal French leader Alexis de Tocqueville warned that the revolutions of the 1820s were not over.

12. Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 The Congress of Vienna restored King Louis XVIII of France to the throne.

13. Demands for Reform Spread • The July Revolution in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe. Metternich later said, “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.” • Most of the uprisings were suppressed. But here and there, rebels did force changes on conservative governments. • Even when they failed, revolutions frightened rulers badly enough to encourage reforms later in the century.

14. Demands for Reform Spread Analyze Maps What were the results of the revolutions of 1830?

15. Demands for Reform Spread In 1830, the Belgians revolted against Dutch rule. The following year, Belgium became an independent state. The Dutch did not recognize Belgium's independence until 1839.

16. The Revolution of 1848 in France • By the 1840s, discontent in France was again reaching a boiling point. • The Industrial Revolution was changing life in France, especially in the cities. • Politically, France remained divided. Radicals still wanted a republic. • Utopian socialists called for an end to private ownership of property. • Even liberals denounced Louis Philippe’s government for corruption.

17. The Revolution of 1848 in France The residents of a Parisian slum suffered from an economic recession during the late 1840s. Economic problems led to unrest in France in 1848.

18. Revolution Spreads Across Europe • The Revolution of 1848 in France triggered a wave of revolutions across Europe, just as it had in 1830. • For opponents of the old order, it was a time of such hope that they called it the “springtime of the peoples.” • Although events in France touched off the revolts, grievances had been piling up for years.

19. Revolution Spreads Across Europe Revolts broke out across Europe in 1848. Here, protesters demonstrate in front of a factory in Vienna.

20. Revolution Spreads Across Europe Analyze Charts The revolutions of 1848 had many causes, including economic hardship. Could one single factor have led to such widespread rebellion? Why or why not?

21. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Austrian Empire The Dual Monarchy Map: Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary The Ottoman Empire Map: The Ottoman Empire Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

22. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Main Idea Nationalism broke down two old European empires—the Austrian Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire. • Reading Focus • In what ways did the Austrian Empire struggle with nationalism in 1848 and beyond? • What was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and why was it created? • How did nationalism create conflict in the Ottoman Empire?

23. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism The Hapsburg Empire Declines The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become independent. Formation of the Dual Monarchy Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and Hungary. This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe, 1800-1914 Note Taking Transparency 141 1 of 6

24. Resistance to Change Carlsbad Decrees Other Prohibitions • Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire • Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries • Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees • Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy • Decrees established censorship of newspapers • Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities The Austrian Empire At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s.

25. Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions Congress of Troppau, 1820 Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution Resistance to Change

26. Turmoil in Europe, Austria • Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years • Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him • Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence • Revolution • Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna • Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign • Metternich fled Austria • 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

27. During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule Almost won independence Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily Resistance to Change

28. Court Ball at the Hofburg 3 of 6

29. Find the Main Idea What was the purpose of the Congress of Troppau? Answer(s): to unite European powers in trying to prevent nationalist revolutions

30. Forming a New Government Compromise of 1867 • As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859 • 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians • Franz Josef I, Hungarian nationalist movement leaders reached agreement, Compromise of 1867 • Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary • Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I • Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary • Each had own parliament, shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs The Dual Monarchy Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.

31. Unrest Rural and Industrial • Unrest in empire did not go away; divisions remained among various nationalities • Austrian Germans, Hungarian Magyars did not speak same language • Ethnic minorities received little benefit from Dual Monarchy, continued to seek self-government • Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918 • Eased pressure for nationalism; also had economic advantages • Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food • Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products An Uneven Solution

33. Describe What was the basic structure of the government in Austria-Hungary? Answer(s): two separate, equal states under one ruler, with separate parliaments but some shared government ministries, as well as a joint government

34. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe The Ottoman Empire Collapses During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions was the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914 QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 2 of 6

35. Empire in Decline The Eastern Question • Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats • 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled • Situation created “Eastern Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed? • Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean • French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off The Ottoman Empire • Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory • Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews • Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

36. The Crimea • Holy Land • Ottomans, Europeans had dispute over Holy Land • Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Palestine holy places • Russian Invasion • Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights • Russians invaded Ottoman territories • Great Britain, France • Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest • Allied with France • Both joined Ottoman Empire in war against Russia • Stalemate • Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths • Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives during war

38. The Balkans • Hot Spot • Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire • Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence • Conflicts and Wars • Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s • Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans • Route to Mediterranean • Russians saw Balkans as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain • Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

39. National Ties • Balkan Wars • Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups • At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe • Balkan issues far from settled • Constantinople • With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers became alarmed • 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation • Congress of Berlin • Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans • Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

40. Representative Government Conflict • Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution • Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government • Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties • 1908, nationalist group Young Turks began revolution • Young Turks fighting against absolute power of sultan, ruler of Ottoman Empire Political Reform

41. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4 Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914 5 of 6

42. Recall How were European nations involved in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire? Answer(s): became involved in wars to protect their own territorial interests and the overall balance of power

43. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 141 4 of 6

44. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4 Progress Monitoring Transparency 6 of 6