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World War II The Road to War

World War II The Road to War. The Rise of Dictators Europe Goes to War Japan Builds an Empire From Isolationism to War. The Rise of Dictators. Totalitarian Rule : A government that exerts total control over a nation ( gov’t , econ, relig , home)

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World War II The Road to War

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  1. World War IIThe Road to War The Rise of Dictators Europe Goes to War Japan Builds an Empire From Isolationism to War

  2. The Rise of Dictators Totalitarian Rule: A government that exerts total control over a nation (gov’t, econ, relig, home) * Use terror and intimidation to silence any opposition Hitler and Mussolini had FASCIST governments (the state and/or leader are more important than the people) [Franco in Spain will use Fascism as well] Stalin had a COMMUNIST government (the people’s party and/or leader are more important than the people) Fascists and Communists were fierce enemies

  3. Stalin 5 Year Plans: Stalin’s plan to modernize agriculture and build new industries • Stalin’s Economic Plans • Combine farms into “collectives” • Farmers resisted and were removed from their lands • The State took over with terrible outcomes • Millions die of starvation • 5 million sent to labor camps in Siberia • Industrial plans went better • Stalin Reign of Terror • Purges to remove enemies and undesirable individuals • “Show Trials” for any who Stalin saw as disloyal • 7 million arrested, 1 million killed, millions in labor camps • Stalin’s power was absolute

  4. Mussolini • After WWI, Mussolini rose to power in Italy • “Il Duce” organized the Fascist party to bring order • “Blackshirts” terrorized and intimidated all Italians • The King appointed Mussolini Prime Minister hoping it would satisfy him • Mussolini seized power (dictatorship) • Economic reforms brought order and some prosperity to Italy • Elections suspended (to maintain order), other political parties outlawed • Europe praised Mussolini for fixing Italy’s economy • Mussolini had visions of another Roman Empire • “ITALY IS NOTHING WITHOUT CONQUEST” • Italy will invade Ethiopia and crush them quickly

  5. Hitler (enraged by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles • The Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers’ Party) • A form of fascism based on racial superiority and nationalism • Hitler’s powerful public speaking quickly made him the leader of the party • Nov. ‘23 – Nazi’s tried to overthrow German gov’t – failed • Hitler sentenced to 5 year (only served 9 months) • Mein Kampf– outlined Hitler’s philosophy and his plan for Germany • Strengthen German Military * Aryan Race policies • Removal of “undesirables • Hitler Becomes Chancellor (Great Depression hit Germany hard) • Nazi Party won majority in 1932 election for Reichstag • Hitler appointed Chancellor (head of govt) by President to appease Nazi’s • Hitler suspended free speech and free press • Stormtroopers used to ‘silence’ opposition • Burned down Reichstag and blamed the Communists – used to pass law giving him dictatorial powers

  6. Hitler • Germany Rearms (in violation of Treaty of Versailles) • Nazi’s begin spending huge on rebuilding military (work & power) • Public works to hire unemployed built up German infrastructure • Lebensraum (living space) – Hitler looked to expand, regaining territory • 1936 Rhineland retaken, no action by European power Hitler signs an alliance with Italy, Japan would join later AXIS POWERS • Germany Expands • 1928 Austria overtaken by German military (GB and Fr objected but did not act) APPEASEMENT: Chamberlin (GB) and Daladier (Fr) met with Hitler and Mussolini to try to keep the peace. They will give them the Sudetenlands if they would stop. People cheered “peace in our times,” but Hitler did not stop

  7. Spanish Civil War • Civil War raging in Spain (democratic gov’t, fascists, and communists) • General Franco led the Fascists • Germany used to try out many of their military goods • Practiced strategies and techniques they would use later in World War II • The Soviet Union sent help to the “Republics” • Many young men from around the world would volunteer and fight • General Franco’s Fascists will win and he will become a dictator

  8. Europe Goes to War • Chamberlain’s Appeasement Fails • Appeasement of Hitler DID NOT WORK • 6 months later he attacks again • England and France prepare for war • Invasion of Poland • Hitler’s Pact with Stalin • Sworn enemies – Germany and Russia • 10 year Non-Aggression Pact signed (Russia did not want war) • Part of pact was a dividing of lands (Poland) • Lightning War • 1 week after pact signed, Germany attacks Poland • England and France declare war on Germany • German Military well armed, well organized • “Blitzkreig” or Lightening War used, surprised Poland’s Army (less than 1 month) • German law imposed, Polish Jews imprisoned and murdered • Stalin will attack eastern Poland and seize lands there (part of pact)

  9. Europe Goes to War • War in the West “Phony War” – GB and FR will hold back troops for now • France’s Maginot Line seen as the key to defense against Germany • Germany Attacks: Went around Maginot Line thru the Netherlands and Belgium • France and GB will rush to stop German advance but were too late • In less that 3 weeks, Germany captured Denmark, Norway, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Belgium (Using BLITZKREIG tactics) • All guns on Maginot Line pointed to Germany, Germany now able to get in behind the lines and the guns were useless • Motorized German divisions race into France and split the Fr and GB troops pinning the British troops against the sea (City of Dunkirk) • Dunkirk • Over a 9 day period, the greatest rescue in war history took place • While some troops held off the German advance, the other troops assembled a fleet of anything that could float to carry troops across the British Channel • 900 vessels carried 340,000 troops to safety • While this was a defeat, the British and French troops survived to fight again

  10. Europe Goes to War • The Fall of France: Hitler’s Armies turned toward Paris (very symbolic) • The French gov’t will abandon Paris and set up the Vichy gov’t during the war • Italy declared war on France and Great Britain • France officially surrendered. Germany now was in control of mainland Europe • Germany controlled northern 2/3 of France • French gov’t controlled southern 1/3 of France (Collaboration) • Free France operated out of England (Resistance) • The Allies were on the verge of collapse • The Battle of Britain (Only Great Britain left to stand up against Hitler’s Germany. • New Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, took over the fight • Relentless Attack: Aug 1940 – Germany launched attacks on England • Day after day, 1000’s of planes dropped bombs on London and England • At first, only ports, airfields and radar installations targeted • Later factories and oil storage tanks attacked • Eventually, London was bombed (trying to break the people’s will to fight) • “We will never surrender, never, never, never, never” W. Churchill

  11. Europe Goes to War • Courageous Defense • RAF (Royal Air Force) will gallantly defend England even though outnumbered • 100’s of RAF pilots would die but took out many more German aircraft • “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few” WC • By the end of 1941, 20,000 Londoners were killed, 70,000 wounded • Cracking the Code • Also by the end of 1941, the British had cracked the codes of Germany, giving them a big advantage that Germany was unaware of • By decoding German messages, the British had some idea of what Hitler was planning • Example: The British knew Germany would not invade until air superiority was established, which it never was • Enigma machine: Germans believed their codes to be unbreakable so continued to send messages throughout the war without knowing the Allies could read them

  12. Japan Builds an Empire • Growing Military Power • Japan’s economy slowed, relied on outside resources • Military gained control of gov’t and moved to expand (land and resources) • Rising Nationalism – push to return to traditional ways and beliefs (superiority) • The Manchurian Incident • 1931 – Japan bombed own railroad lines, blamed the Chinese to justify an invasion • Manchuria attacked (land and resources), a puppet gov’t installed • US, GB protest but do nothing to intervene • Military control over gov’t solidified

  13. Japan Builds an Empire • War Against China • 1937 – Japan invades the rest of China • Within a month, Japan occupied the major cities • With huge power advantage, Japan bombed major cities and ruthlessly killed more than 100,000 Chinese civilians • US protested, passed the “NEUTALITY ACTS” that prevented the US from becoming involved in foreign conflicts • The British sent supplies to the Chinese via the Burma Road • 2 Chinese leaders, who had fought for power, united to resist the Japanese • Jiang and Mao • Direct resistance failed, but proved troubling to the Japanese • Japan’s Big Plans • The war in Europe was distracting the major powers of the world • Japan looked to take advantage of this and take over Asia • In 1940, Japan signed the TRIPARTITE PACT joining Germany and Italy • That same month, Japan moved troops into French Indochina and set its sites on the Dutch East Indies

  14. US – From Isolation to War • The US Chooses Neutrality (even though FDR believed we needed to be involved) • Few people in the US agree with the actions of Germany, Italy or Japan • But few believe it was any of our business (Great Depression) • Hawley Smoot Tariffs (1930) passed to protect US industries from foreign competition • Neutrality Acts (1935) banned the US from selling weapons, loaning money to nations at war • Cash and Carry (1937) allowed the US to sell goods to nations but only for cash and they had to come and get the goods • American Involvement Grows • American opinion shifted to the Allies when Germany continued to attack • Few believed we should get into the war but believed we should help England

  15. US – From Isolation to War • Debating the American Role • 3 weeks after Germany attacked Poland, FDR asked Congress to revise Neutrality Act • American began helping England in many ways • When France fell to Germany, America shocked into action • Old WWI supplies given to England (“All aid short of war”) • AMERICAN FIRST COMMITTEE formed to try to block involvement • Lend-Lease Act (FDR won reelection) • Churchill sent a letter to FDR saying they would be unable to pay but still needed aid • FDR’s new plan would lend needed aid to England • “If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is out” • Congress authorized FDR to aid any nation whose defense was vital to US security • By the end of the war, the US loaned or gave away over $49 Billion in aid to 40 nations (including Russia)

  16. US at War • Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) • US had begun limiting what Japan could buy from us in protest of their actions (scrap metal and oil in particular) US and Japanese diplomats met to try to avoid war • Final Weeks of Peace • US had cracked Japanese codes and believed we knew what they were planning • When Japanese fleet moved out, the US was concerned but did not believe their technology could reach Hawaii without us seeing them • The Attack (December 7, 1941) “A Day Which Will Live In Infamy” FDR • A series of mishaps left the US blind to the oncoming attack • ½ the US Pacific Fleet was in harbor that day • In less than 2 hours, over 2400 Americans were killed, 1,200 wounded • 200 war planes destroyed, 18 warships sunk or damaged (8 of 9 battleships) • Japan lost only 9 planes

  17. US at War • The US Declares War • The next day, FDR asked Congress to declare war in Japan • Only one voted against (Jeannette Rankin of Montana) • Even the American First Committee backed war • On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the US • Because of the TRIPARTITE PACT • For the 2nd time in 25 years, the US was drawn into a world war • Again, the US will be the deciding force, but this time it will take longer • America Arms For War • Millions will volunteer • Selective Service will draft millions more • The US Economy will be moved to a war economy

  18. Chapter Review • The Rise of Dictators • Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler • Europe Goes to War • Appeasement, Invasions. Dunkirk, Battle of Britain • Japan Builds an Empire • Invasion of China, Japan’s Big Plans, Tripartite Pact • From Isolationism to War • Smoot-Hawley, Neutrality Acts, Cash and Carry • Pearl Harbor • Declaration of War

  19. Ch 17 Essays • 1) Explain the policy of “APPEASEMENT.” How did it lead to World War II in Europe? • 2) The 1930’s brought the passage of the NEUTRALITY ACTS in the US. Why were these passed and why/how were they reversed?

  20. ONE TIME ONLY OPEN NOTE/OPEN BOOK TEST

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