Warring City-States

1. Warring City-States Chapter 5 Section 2 Pages 115-119

2. Ch. 5:CLASSICAL GREECE Section 2: Warring City-States • TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Identify the different political systems that developed in the Greek city-states. • Describe the military government of Sparta. • Explain how Athenian and Spartan societies differed. • AGENDA:Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately ! • WARM-UP –Read “Setting the Stage,” Textbook p. 115 / Examine chart p. 117 • DEFINING IMPORTANT TERMS / Textbook Check • DISCUSSION of Section 2, Textbook p. 115-117; Packet Homework p. 5 • VIDEO CLIP, History Channel presents“The Spartans” • NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Finish p. 5 in your packet for homework ! Tomorrow we wrap up • CH 5 Sec. 2 - examining the great story of The Persian Wars! • PROJECT I is due next Tuesday ! • Pre-A.P. Library reserve article “Alexander the Conqueror” due Mon.!

3. Rule and Order By 750bc, the Polis, or city state, was the primary political unit in Greece. Most city states controlled from 50 to 500 square miles and were home to fewer than 20,000 people. Male citizens gathered at the agora or at the acropolis, a fortified hilltop, to conduct business.

4. GREECE: Text p. 115, “Rule and Order in Greek City States”/ Handout,“Identifying Terms” • EARLY LACK OF UNITY AMONG THE GREEK CITY-STATES • Explain why: • Separated by barriers of sea and mountains, • by local pride and jealousy, • They formed alliances only when some other powerful city-state embarked on conquest and attempted to dominate over the rest.  • LATER GREEKS WILL BECOME UNITED • Explain what influences led to eventual unity: • a common language, • common religion, • common literature, • similar customs, • the religious festivals, • the Olympic Games • But even in times of foreign invasion • it was difficult to induce the cities to act together. • Only the threat of the mighty • Persian Empire would finally unite the Greeks • together • VOCABULARY • A. polis – the Greek city-state • It was a “political unit,” • and included the central city • and • surrounding countryside • (which could include • numerous villages as well). • B. acropolis – high point of the polis, usually a fortified hilltop, where civic buildings were located. • agora – the marketplace and economic center of the polis.

5. Political Structures Some city states were run by kings, a monarchy. Some adopted an aristocracy, a government run by a small group of noble land owners. A class of wealthy merchants and artisans emerged and sometimes took power in oligarchies, a government ruled by a few powerful people. At right is the tyrant of Corinth, Periander, ca 627bc. Tyrants gained power by appealing to the poor and discontented for support.

6. Citizens were expected to defend the Polis. They were known as hoplites and fought in a formation called the phalanx

7. Sparta Sparta built a military state in the southern part of Greece. The Spartans conquered those around them and forced the defeated to stay on the land they farmed. Known as helots, they had to give the Spartan ½ of their yearly crops.

8. GREECE: Text p. 115, “Tyrants Seize Power”/ Handout,“Identifying Terms” When no wars among city-states were being fought, the armed and powerful citizen-soldiers could become troublesome for city-state rulers. Unemployed farmers and debt-ridden artisans often joined in revolts against the nobility. In such times arose leaders called tyrants – powerful individuals who gained control by appealing to the poor and discontented for support. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School; Pre-A.P. World History

9. GREECE: Chapter 5, Section 2“Sparta Builds a Military State”Text p. 116; Packet p. 5 • Recognizing Facts and Details Made them helots – peasants forced to work the Spartan land – had to turn over ½ of all crops to the Spartans. 1. How did the Spartans treat the Messenians? 725B.C. Sparta conquers Messenia The Peloponnesus region Students, Think About It… “What risk is there in conquering an entire large population of people, forcing them to leave their land and work your lands instead?” Please have your homework, Packet p. 5 Out on your desk during our class discussions so that I can “eye” it! When the Spartans realized they needed more arable land they looked to the southwest to the more fertile soil of Messenia. Helotswere Messenians who the Spartans had conquered and brought back to Sparta to do their work,treated like slaves, forced to be tied for generations to a Spartan nobleman’s lands. They worked the land around Sparta in order for the Spartan males to focus on their superior military training. Messenia . • Sparta

10. GREECE: Chapter 5, Section 2“Sparta Builds a Military State”Text p. 116; Packet p. 5 • Recognizing Facts and Details Made them helots – peasants forced to work 1. How did the Spartans treat the Messenians? 725B.C. Sparta conquers Messenia 600B.C. Spartans put down a revolt by Messenians 2. What type of society did Sparta create in response to the revolt? Sparta creates a tough, militaristic state. Rigorous military training was the life of the Spartan male from the age of 7 to 60. At age 20 males were allowed to marry in order to procreate, but the men continued to live in their own barracks with one another. At left: Illustration depicting the famous legend of the Spartan boy who, being so disciplined, stood at attention before a superior while a fox he had hid beneath his tunic chewed away at his stomach.

11. GREECE: Chapter 5, Section 2“Athens Builds a Limited Democracy”Text p. 117; Packet p. 5 • Recognizing Facts and Details 2. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens? 621B.C. Draco writes the first legal code. The poor wanted more political rights / power. Debt slavery intensified the conflict. But don’t be fooled… Things were not always “the life of leisure” in the more highly cultured Athens! In contrast to Sparta, in Athens and other Greek city-states boys attended school from about 7 – 14. Boys learned arithmetic, reading, writing, and memorized the heroic epic poems of Homer. Music, especially the lyre, was also stressed. Young men mastered the art of Debating and, to prepare for battle, took up wrestling or other sports. Wealthy parents frequently made arrangements to place their son with an older male tutor and these relationships were often long-lasting. Read Textbook, top of p. 117 In Athens, girls didn’t attend school but a few fortunate ones did have private tutors. In general, women focused their attention on child-rearing, weaving cloth (as shown here), preparing meals, and managing the household. “In both outlook and values, Athens constrasted sharply with Sparta. An ambassador from the city-state of Corinth once compared the Spartans to the Athenians in a speech to the Spartan assembly. He told the Spartans that they had the strongest army in Greece, but they were too cautious. He also said that the Spartans lacked imagination and curiosity. Athenians, he said, were always eager to learn new ideas because they had been educated to think and act as free people.” READ Textbook, p. 117: “Political and Economic Reforms” When a group of peasants agreed to thwart the attempt of an Athenian nobleman to establish a tyranny, they demanded in return that the city’s aristocrats write a code of laws for all the people. They got more than they bargained for. Draco’s code was harsh and included the idea of “debt slavery.” Today, we still call harsh or unfair laws “draconian” in our English language.

12. Spartan Society Two groups governed Sparta. An assembly of free men, and the council of elders. Five elected officials carried out the laws, controlled education, and prosecuted court cases. At the age of seven, boys were taken from their homes for military training. They valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty, and freedom.

13. Athens Athenians practiced democracy, rule by the people where citizens participate directly in the political process. Citizens were free men. Slaves, foreigners, and women had few rights

14. Causes of the PersianWars King Darius of Persia conqured Ionia. The Greeks rebelled but were defeated. For revenge, Darius vowed to destroy Athens. He brought 25,000 soldiers to Marathon where he faced 10,000 Athenians. Because of better training and tactics the Greeks defeated the Persian invaders. 6,400 Persians were killed to only 192 Greeks.

15. GREECE: Chapter 5, Section 2“The Persian Wars”Text p. 118; Packet p. 7 10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return ! • THE BATTLES • C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.) - Persian army comes to narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae and are met by 7,000 Greeks; including 300 Spartans blocking the pass. - 3-Day fight ends after a Greek traitor tells the Persians about a secret path around the cliffs. A “nightmare” for the Greeks! - The Spartan force alone held the pass, allowing their fellow Greek forces safe retreat. The Spartans’ sacrifice – all were killed – made a great impression on the Greeks. Video Clip