Warring City States

1. Warring City States Chapter 5 Section 2

2. Key Terms • Polis • Acropolis • Monarchy • Aristocracy • Oligarchy • Tyrant • Democracy • Helot • Phalanx • Persian Wars

3. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • Polis- fundamental political unit in Greece • City and surrounding countryside • 50-500 miles of territory • Fewer than 10,000 residents • Acropolis-fortified hilltop • Agora-marketplace

4. Greek Political Structures • Monarchy-single person ruler (king) • Aristocracy-ruled by a small group of noble land owning families • Rich families • Wealthy merchant and artisans • Served in kings military • Oligarchy-ruled by a few powerful people

5. Tyrants Seize Power • Clashes occurred between rulers and common people • Powerful individuals would seize control • Tyrants-unlike today not considered cruel or harsh • Looked at as leaders with the people’s interest

6. Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Representative government was born in the city-states • Athens moved too democracy • Democracy-is the rule of the people • Citizens participate directly in political decision making

7. Building Democracy • Draco 621 BC • Based legal code on all Athenians were equal under the law • Had capitol punishment • Debt slavery-debtors worked as slaves to pay off debts

8. Building Democracy • Solon 594 BC • Stated no citizen should own another citizen • Organized Athenians into four social classes • Only top three could hold political office • All citizens could participate in Athenian Assembly • Legal concept-any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers

9. Building Democracy • Cleisthenes 500 • Broke up power of nobility • Citizens organized by where you live and not wealth • Allowed citizens to submit laws for debate • Created Council of 500 • Chosen at random • Counseled assembly and proposed laws

10. Building Democracy • Citizens participated in a limited democracy • Citizenship restricted to a small number • Free male adult property owners • Women and slaves excluded from citizenship and had few rights

11. Athenian Education • Sons of wealthy families • Sent to school at age 7 • Studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics and music • Received training in logic and debate • Train and develop the body

12. Athenian Education • Older boys went to military school • Girls educated at home by their mother • Childe rearing • Weaving cloth • Preparing mills • Taking care of the household • Little to do outside of the home

13. Sparta Builds a Military State • Located in southern Greece (Peloponnesus) • Cut of from the rest of Greece • Built a military state

14. Sparta Dominates Messina • 725 BC Sparta conquers Messina • Helots- Messians forced to stay on land they worked • Spartans demanded half of their crop • 650 BC Helots revolted • Spartans outnumbered eight to one

15. Sparta’s Government and Society • Several branches • Council of Elders- made up of 30 older citizens • Proposed laws for assembly to vote on • Five elected officials carried out the laws • These men prosecuted cases and controlled education

16. Sparta’s Government and Society • Sparta had two kings • Social order had several groups • Citizens-descendants of original inhabitants • Ruling families who owned land • Non-citizens –were free, worked in commerce of industry • Helots at the bottom

17. Sparta Daily Life • 600-371 BC most powerful army in Greece • Individual expression was discouraged • Did not value arts and literature • Valued- strength, discipline, and duty

18. Spartan Daily Life • Served in the army till 60 • Began training at age 7 • Moved into army barracks till age 30 • Wearing only light tunics and no shoes • Slept without blankets on hard benches • Food bowl of black porridge • Encouraged to steal food, made them more resourceful and tough

19. Spartan Daily Life • Girls received some military training • Wrestled, played sports • Service to Sparta above everything • Had freedom to run family businesses

20. A New Kind of Army Emerges • During the Dorian Age only the rich could afford spears, chariots, shield • Iron made weapons more affordable • Hoplites- foot soldiers • Phalanx-stood side by side holding a spear and a shield

21. Battle of Marathon • Began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia • Ionian Greeks revolted against Persia • Athens sent troops • Persian King Darius won wanted revenge against Athens

22. Battle of Marathon • Persians sent 25,000 troops • Greeks had 10,000 • Arranged in a phalanxes • Persians charged the Greeks • Persians lost 6,000 men, Greeks lost 200

23. Pheidippides Bring News • Athens was defenseless • Young runner-brought news of Persian defeat • 26 mile run from Marathon • Said “Rejoice, we conquer” and died • Athenian army came back and Persia retreated

24. Thermopylae and Salamis • 480 BC Xerxes assembled an enormous force to crush the Greeks • Greeks were divided • No resistance from Greeks

25. Thermopylae and Salamis • Narrow mountain pass • 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans • Blocked Xerxes troops for three days • Traitor told of secret path • Spartans held back the Persians, while other Greeks retreated

26. Thermopylae and Salamis • Greeks evacuated Athens set to fight at sea • Salamis-narrow channel • Xerxes set fire to Athens • Persian ships were bigger • Xerxes watched 1/3 of his fleet was sunk • 479 Plataea Greeks win, Persians on defensive

27. Thermopylae and Salamis • Delian league- formed by several Greek states • Delos- island in Aegean Sea • Greeks drove Persians from their territory

28. Consequences of Persian Wars • Felt new sense of confidence • 470’s Athens emerged as leader • League had grown to 200 city-states • Headquarters moved to Athens • Used force against challenges of authority