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GENDER AND MEDIA PRODUCTION. Ángela María Rojas Martínez Departamento de Psicología Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá / Colombia 2011. Sex. Why work on gender and media?.
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GENDER AND MEDIA PRODUCTION Ángela María Rojas Martínez Departamento de Psicología Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá / Colombia 2011
Why work on gender and media? Inglehart, R.F. & Norris, P. (2002). "Islamic Culture and Democracy: Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis." Comparative Sociology, 1 (3/4): 235-264.; Moya, M., Páez, D., Glick, P., Fernández, I y Poeschl, G. (1997). Sexismo, masculinidad feminidad y factores culturales. Revista Electrónica de Motivación y Emoción, 4(8-9).)
daily diary of girls in the UK • 8 AM Wake up, check my email (hotmail) • 9 AM – 3 PM At school, check email on mobile phone, check BBC News, Facebook, Twitter • 4 PM Update blog, check Facebook, Messenger, • Skype • 5 PM Check out music and videos on YouTube • 6 PM – 8PM Googling stuff, checking Facebook, Twitter, MSN, watch TV on iPlayer • Because I am a Girl: Youth Summary. TheState of theworld´sgirls 2010.Girls in a Changing Landscape: Urban and Digital Frontiers http://planinternational.org/girls/resources/publications.php
How do the media promote the learning of gender cognitions? Bussey, K. & Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of gender constancy and social power on sexlinked modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Pscyhology.
Nuestro nuevo apartamento • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1ZZreXEqSY • Uno de cada diez hombres es gay • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HI5AaHYmfw • Los hombres no somos románticos pero lo intentamos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snyAv1AYzYo
REPRESENTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDIA News Experts UNIFEM, WWDP & WACC (2010) Global Media Monitoring Project.
Gender representations in children's tv Maincharacter Secondarycharacters Gözt, M et al (2008). Gender in children´stelevisionworldwide in Televizion 21. Murcia, O. (2009). Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Producción Animada Infantil en Colombia. Uniminuto.
The future ... UNIFEM, WWDP & WACC (2010) Global Media Monitoring Project
Gender representations in children's tv Female Male • Teens • Hair blonde or red • Asian, African or Latin • In groups • Victims • Waiting for the love of his life • Beautiful • Thin • Hyper-sexualized • Less negative values • Latina's best friend • Fat girls or old women do not exist • Adults • Hair black or brown • Caucasian • Solitary • Leaders • Overweight • Evil • Antagonists black or brown hair, disabled • Latino “macho” Gözt, M et al (2008). Gender in children´stelevisionworldwide in Televizion 21.
Representations of the body in child TV(102 male/71 female) Maleprotagonists Femaleprotagonists • V-shaped Torso • Overweight. • Absense of avaragely proportioned bodies • Unhealthyproportion of waist-hip (50%) • Unhealthyproportionshoulder-waist (84%) • Enhancethehip (83%) • Legsare toolong (57%) Gözt, M et al (2008). Gender in children´stelevisionworldwide in Televizion 21.
If someone had Barbie's body, they would have: Extreme thinness, Herniated disc, Respiratory problems, Osteoporosis and Possible infertility (Gözt, 2008)
Physical expectations of ideal partners in college students • The answers of man • Cute face • Round and lifted buttocks • Breasts not too large nor too small • Nice legs, no stretch marks, without varicose veins and toned • Thin • Small waist (hourglass) • flat stomach • Long hair, silky and smooth preferably • fine features • Without any body hair • plump lips • Small and pink nipples • Theanswers of woman • Pretty smile • Large expressive eyes • Perfect teeth, white and well aligned • Tall • Muscular • Pronounced buttocks • Face without pimples, spots or zit • Athletic arms and legs • Thin lips but pronounced • Hair: nice, clean and without gel • flat stomach • Pronounced pelvic bones Curso Sexualidad Humana. Departamento de Psicología. Universidad de Los Andes, Septiembre, 2010
Characterization of characters in the Colombian TV(4) Male Female • dominant • assertive • outgoing (Extrovertido) • cheerful • public leaders • honest • solidarity • defenders • They face dangers • Fix mistakes • They provide order and discipline • conciliatory • patient • passive • cheerful (alegre) • distraught (angustiada) • Public and domestic leaders • ethical Behavior • solidarity • Caring for others Murcia, O. (2009). Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Producción Animada Infantil en Colombia. Uniminuto.
What emotions do the Children’s favorite characters express? Male Female • Anger • Sadness • Distress • Sadness • Love • Joy • The boys did not identify feelings Vargas-Trujillo, E., Rojas, A.M & Balanta, P. (2008) Una propuesta dirigida al público infantil para ver televisión con perspectiva de género. Convenio 007 Comisión Nacional de Televisión, Universidad de Los Andes y Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Bogotá.
What kinds of decisions do favorite characters make? Male Female • Punishments • What you can do or not do • When buying a home or car • Other non-traditional (boys) • How to organize the house • What tasks are done • Troubleshooting • Other non-traditional (girls) Vargas-Trujillo, E., Rojas, A.M & Balanta, P. (2008) Una propuesta dirigida al público infantil para ver televisión con perspectiva de género. Convenio 007 Comisión Nacional de Televisión, Universidad de Los Andes y Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Bogotá.
The hard work of the company scientific inventions Having money and power Having women Killing a mouse Hit and fight (Golpear y pelear) illegal work Do wrong things without thinking about the consequences Party till dawn without worrying about tending to their children. What can women do that men can’t? What can men do that women can’t? • Lovewithsincerity • easily relate to others • cry • flirt • Washing and cooking • Caring for children • Take care of household (Encargarse del hogar) • Be housewives (Seramas de casa) • Doing Good • lying • Solving problems Vargas-Trujillo, E., Rojas, A.M & Balanta, P. (2008) Una propuesta dirigida al público infantil para ver televisión con perspectiva de género. Convenio 007 Comisión Nacional de Televisión, Universidad de Los Andes y Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Bogotá.
howtotreatthemwell... (COMO SE TRATA BIEN A…) Men Woman • Keep their clothes and things tidy • The girls take care of them • Let them rest • Treat them with love • Talk without shouting • Do not boss them around • Listen when they speak • Respect their opinion • Understand • Value their work performance • Do not hurt them (no lastimarlas) • No beating (no pegarles) • Take care of them • not yelling (no gritarlas) • pamper them (consentirlas) • be detailed • love them • Meeting their needs (satisfacersusnecesidades) • Not show too much infidelity • Do not betray (no traicionarlas)
A Greatersexism- greaterassignmentof: Male Female • Risks • Unethicalbehavior • Desirablephysicalappearance • Sociability • Self-devaluation • sexual passivity Rojas, A. M. (2007) Identidad de género y consumos culturales televisivos: Más allá de las diferencias por sexo. Tesis de grado. Maestría en Psicología
What you see on TV is sexist? Rojas, A. M. (2007) Identidad de género y consumos culturales televisivos: Más allá de las diferencias por sexo. Tesis de grado. Maestría en Psicología.
The makers of media talk about gender • Sin darme cuenta escribo en masculino • Obviamente a los hombres les gusta un tipo de cosas distintas a la de las mujeres, eso es una cosa “genética” que no va a cambiar y no tiene por qué cambiar. • Género, es hacer programas para mujeres. • Las colombianas son maravillosas, sensuales, hogareñas, solidarias, excelentes esposas, pero son bravas, algo malo tenían que tener. Murcia, O. (2009). Análisis con perspectiva de género de la Producción Animada Infantil en Colombia. Uniminuto.
Gender, media and well-being CONCLUSIONS
psychologicalwell-being Ryff, C., y Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
Self-acceptance Men Woman • Dissatisfaction with their body and muscle mass. • Little information and knowledge about their bodies, nutrition and health. (less healthy diets and increased rates of being overweight. • Greater acceptance of values such as violence and unethical behavior. • Dissatisfaction with appearance, body image and sexual. • Informationoverloadaboutdietarypractices. • Fat, old age and disability are not acceptable. Read, J & Gorman, B. (2010) Gender and HealthInequality. Annual. Review. Sociology. 36.
positive relationships Men Woman • It promotes isolation and over self-sufficiency (suicide and homicide rates higher). • It promotes the idea that men do not feel sorrow or affection without sexual connotation. • Deficit models that promote the formation of meaningful social ties. • Social relations are focused on domestic relations and couples. (Higher rates of partner violence) • Saturation of feelings like sadness, anxiety and affection. • Deficitmodelsexpressingangerassertively. Denton M, Prus S, & Walters V. 2004. Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Soc. Sci. Med. 58.
Purpose in life Men Woman • Promotevariouslifeprojects. • Focus on the recognition, expertise and / or economic status. • In politics, sports and crime. • Promote life project focused on the partner. • Deficit of nontraditional life choices : sports, technology, mathematics, science. • Minorpublicrepresentation.
Autonomy & EnvironmentControl Men Woman • It promotes responsibility to fix mistakes, provide order and discipline. • It promotes the pursuit of power, risk, competition, violence and unethical behavior (increased risk of morbidity / mortality from accidents and homicides (Read & Gorman, 2010) • Low self-efficacy in domestic contexts, affective ties and family. • Empowerment is associated with body image. • Deficit models starring roles competent and successful. • Low rate of successful leading role models in public and professional spheres. • Women often report lower levels of personal control(Denton et al, 2004)
Personal Growth Hombres Mujeres • Promote the development of intellectual and physical potential. • Limited personal care, prevention of risks, the potential development of social, emotional and cooperative ties. • Promote the development of potential social, emotional and personal care. • Limit the development of her intellectual potential, sport and technology and her pursuit of self-attained higher socioeconomic status.
recommendations • Promote the study of a diversity of motivations and potentials amongst children, youth, men and women. • Expanding the scope of models of both sexes, with different characteristics, complex roles at different stages of life cycle, in media content. • Promote gender analysis of media consumption preferred by children, youth and adults, and contrast constructively with their reality. • Include education on gender and its relationship to the welfare of people in the training of media professionals, journalists and media makers.
THANKS am.rojas253@uniandes.edu.co/angelaclon@hotmail.com