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Rise of Totalitarian Governments

Explore the rise of totalitarian governments in Italy and Germany with Mussolini's Fascist Party and Hitler's Nazi Party. Witness the shift from political ideologies to oppressive regimes, including methods of control and impact on society. Understand the key events, ideologies, and propaganda that led to the establishment of these authoritarian rule.

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Rise of Totalitarian Governments

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  1. Rise of Totalitarian Governments

  2. Italy

  3. 1883 • Divided family life • Father ardent socialist • Mother devout catholic • Father influenced earliest political ideologies • Socialism, anarchism, authoritarianism • Worked for socialist causes as adult • Eventually ousted for support of WWI • Nationalistic drive in post-war years • Served Italy during war, contrary to previous actions • Denounced socialism as a failure • Begins work to develop fascist ideologies Mussolini

  4. New ideas were revolutionary & traditional • “The Third Way” • The Black shirts • Armed squads of war veterans • Restore order to Italy’s streets • Clashed with opposing groups • National Fascist Party • Growing numbers leads to est. party • 1921, Mussolini elected to parliament Continued

  5. October 27/28, 1922 • March on Rome • 30,000 Black shirts demand resignation of liberal government • King Victor Emmanuel III hands government over to Mussolini • Delusional and fearful • Mussolini popular among military and rural elite • Hope Mussolini could restore order • Failed to recognize threat of totalitarian regime Rise to Power

  6. “Il Duce” • Rigging of elections • Favored Fascist candidates • Jailed political opponents • Repression of liberal groups • Socialist repressed and removed from parliament • Communists arrested • Rise of propaganda & press controls • Anti-Semitic feelings to gain German support • 1935, Ethiopian invasion • 1936, Supports Franco in the Spanish Civil War • 1937, Leaves the League of Nations Mussolini’s Rule

  7. “Fasces” • Wooden rods coupled with an axe • Symbol of Roman authority • Basic ideas • Extreme militaristic nationalism • Contempt for electoral democracy • Natural social hierarchy • Opposition to liberal political & cultural ideologies • Variations in practice Nature of Fascism

  8. Germany

  9. 1918-1935 • Arises following abdication of Kaiser William II • First assembled in Weimer, Germany • Issues, • Hyperinflation, political extremism, contentious foreign relationships • Treaty of Versailles unpopular • Never completely disarmed • Pays small portion of reparations • Dawes Plan- stepped payment plan • Young Plan- reduced amount owned Weimar Republic

  10. President Hindenburg, 1925-1394 • Used emergency powers to back government activity • 1933, Hitler appointed Chancellor • Part of the coalition government • Two further cabinet seats appointed to Nazis • State of Emergency • Reichstag Fire Decree, Feb. 28, 1933 • Response to alleged communist arson of the Reichstag • Enabling Act of 1933 • Allowed Chancellor to make laws without legislative consent • Republic ends, democracy collapses • Rise of the single party system Continued

  11. 1889, Austrian born • Decorated WWI veteran • 1923, Imprisoned for part in failed coup in Munich • The Brown shirts • “Beer Hall Putsch” • Mein Kampf • Popular in attacking Treaty of Versailles • Promoted pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism, & anti-communist ideas • charismatic Adolf Hitler

  12. 1932- Nazis party the largest in the Reichstag • Does not hold majority, forced into coalition government • Former Chancellor von Papen pushes for Hitler’s appointment to position • 1934, names the “Fuhrer” or Leader • Hoped to establish a New Order • Counter to injustices on Germany after WWI • Economic growth & territorial annexation of Germany lands gains popularity Continued

  13. 1920-1945 • Far right political party • Successor of the German Workers Party • Pseudo-scientific racism • “racially desirable” Germans • Aryan master race • Racial purity and eugenics • Social welfare programs and community groups • Subordination of individual rights Nazi Party’s Rise

  14. Gleichschaltung • Legal process of control • Merging offices of president and chancellor • August, 1934- referendum confirms Hitler as sole leader • Government not coordinated or cooperative • Factions volleying for Hitler’s favor • Repression/removal of political and social dissidents The Third Reich

  15. Operation Hummingbird, June 30-July 2, 1934 • Political purge • Ernst Rohm and (SA) paramilitary force leaders • Political opponents & establishment officials • 100’s dead & 1000’s arrested • Official list just 85 dead • Consolidated military support for Hitler • Courts and cabinet supportive Night of the Long Knives

  16. Sept. 15, 1935 • Law for the Protection of German Blood & German Honor • Forbade marriages and relationships between Germans and Jews • Reich Citizenship Law • Limited German citizenship • Book burnings & limits on professional service • Boycotting of Jewish businesses • Changes mandated after the ‘36 Berlin Olympics Nuremberg Laws

  17. 1933-1939, 90,000 German & Austrian Jews attempt emigration • Unwillingness of foreign states to take Jews • Difficulty in obtaining proper documents • Massive red tape • Expenses • Changing requirements • Remission of 90% of wealth when leaving Germany • Acceptance into neutral countries • Illegal immigration to Palestine & Russia Jewish Emigration

  18. July 6-15, 1938 • Discussion of the Jewish refugee crisis • 32 countries & 20 organizations attend • Initiated by FDR • Submit plans to end crisis • No agreement reached, conference a failure • Only the Dominican Republic willing to aid • Willing to take 100,000 refugees • Played into Nazi ideologies Evian Conference

  19. Russia

  20. 1878, Georgian background • Joined Russian Social Democratic Labor Party • Worked for Pravda or “Truth” newspaper • Supported Lenin through robbery, kidnappings, & racketeering • Revolutionary leader under Lenin • Politburo position • Worked against former allies during governmental transition • General Secretary then Premier • 1922-1953 Joseph Stalin

  21. Five-Year Plan • First introduced in 1928 • Build industry, improve transportation, increase agricultural output • Collective farming • Anti-Kulak movement • All activity under the government’s control • Outcomes • Mixed success with industry • Standard of living remained low • 1932, Terror Famine, 5-8 million starve A Totalitarian State

  22. Press censorship & limitation on individual rights • Threat of the Gulag • Forced labor camps found in Siberia • Great Purge, 1934 • Political opponents, army heroes, industrial manager, writer, etc. • “show trials” • 4 million purged • Brain-drain Terror Tactics

  23. Rise of the “cult of personality” using propaganda • Russification • Bringing together the 11 Soviet states into one • War on Religion • Atheism becomes official stance • Church sided with czarist regime • Marx & Lenin’s writings become the “sacred” • Shrines to the Communist fallen • Religion goes underground Total Control

  24. Goals of an equal society • Failure, Communist elite hold upper stations • Gained the best of society • Threats of Stalin’s purges • The average Russian • Free public education & medical care • Technical training • Inexpensive house • Bread the staple • Other food products limited • Advancement of women • Opportunities to education • Placement in professional level jobs Society Under Stalin

  25. Joins League of Nations • Two fold goal, • Work for worldwide Communist revolution • Promote national security • Goals contradictory and unsuccessful • Comintern, 1919 • Lenin backed Communist International organization • Urged a global change • Caused international suspicion and political breakaways • 1920’s American Red Scares • End of British political relations Foreign Policy

  26. Authoritarian Rule Across Europe & The World

  27. 1892-1975 • Spanish military dictator, 1939-1975 • Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 • Franco forces a coup after failed elections • Military/monarchists vs. Republican forces • Aided by Germany and Italy • Achieves victory with massive losses • Repressive, one-party regime • Neutral during WWII but aided Axis • Isolated in decades following the war Francisco Franco

  28. Depression blamed on government officials • Rise of military leaders • Hideki Tojo • Emperor Hirohito maintains symbolic rule • Helps maintain public support • Legitimizes military rule • Industrialization leads to demand for resources • Territorial expansion into Manchuria, 1931 • Continues progression into China throughout 1930’s Japan

  29. Austria • Fatherland Front, 1934-1938 • Catholic aligned, promoted Austrian independence • Greece • 4th of August Regime, 1936-1944 • Traditionalist, support church and monarchy • Portugal • National Union, 1933-1968 • Clerical fascism • Political arm of the government Eastern Europe

  30. Romania • Iron Guard or Green shirts, 1940-1941 • Anti-Semitic, anti-communist, & ultra-nationalist • Slovakia • Slovak People’s Party, 1939-1945 • Lead by Catholic priest • Christian and nationalist organization Continued

  31. Yugoslavia • Yugoslavia Radical Union, 1935-1939 • Promoted authoritarian mass mobilization • Bohemia & Moravia • National Partnership, 1939-1945 • Reaction to German occupation of Czechoslovakia Continued

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