Totalitarian Governments

1. Totalitarian Governments 15.5/16.3/16.5

4. The key part of this word is the first five letters.

6. Totalitarian State • A form of government • Single-party dictatorship with blind obedience to a charismatic single leader. • State control of the economy. • Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state.

7. Government control of the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens through propaganda. Use of schools and youth organizations to spread ideology to children. Strict censorship of artist and intellectuals with dissenting opinions.

8. Conflicting Forces in Japan Ch. 27 Sec.5

9. Emperor Hirohito

10. On the Rise in 1920s • Moved toward greater prosperity and democracy • Economic growth during WWI • Industrial production grew • Annexed Korea as a colony in 1910 • Sought further rights in China- • Twenty-One Demands

11. Liberal Changes in 1920s • Political parties grew stronger • Members of the Diet exercised their power • All adult men won right to vote • Some changes for women (suffrage granted 1945) • Political Parties became manipulated by zaibatsu • Moderate Japanese slowed foreign expansion • 1922: Signed treaty to limit size of navy

12. Problems below the surface • Rural peasants did not share in nation’s wealth • Cities: factory workers paid low wages • Poverty drew them to socialist ideas of Marx/Lenin • Tensions between political and military leaders • Many highs and lows during 1920s

13. Nationalist Reaction • 1929: Great Depression • Disaster fed discontent among military and ultranationalists • Nationalist further outraged by immigration policies by US, Canada, & Australia • Nationalist suggested expansion to Asia for raw materials- Manchuria becomes their target

14. 1931: provoked an incident to seize Manchuria • Set up a puppet state known as Manzhouguo • Japan withdrew from League of Nations for being condemned

15. Militarists in Power 1930s: ultranationalists winning support for foreign conquests and a stand against Western powers Extreme nationalists assassinated a number of politicians Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government 1937: Civilian government survived, but accepted military dominance

16. More Expansion in China • 1930s: Japan took advantage of China’s civil war • Expected to take complete control in a few years • 1936: allied with Germany and Italy- signed the Tripartite Pact in Sept. 1940 • WWII broke out 1939

17. Fascism in Italy Ch. 28 Sec. 3

18. Benito Mussolini

19. Rise of Turmoil in Italy Italian nationalists outraged by broken promises from France and Britain Inspired by revolution in Russia- peasants seized land and workers went on strike or seized factories Trade declined and taxes rose Government splint into feuding factions

20. Rise of Benito Mussolini • Son of socialist blacksmith and a teacher • Supported nationalism over socialism • 1919: He organized veterans and discontented Italians into Fascist party • Ancient Roman word- symbol of unity and authority • He was a fiery and charismatic speaker that promised end to corruption and replace turmoil with order

21. Mussolini Gains Control • Organized his supporters into “combat squads” • Black Shirts party militants were in favor of violent action over democratic process • Fascist gangs used intimidation and terror to oust elected officials • Many civilians supported this • 1922: March on Rome- Fascists marched to Rome and scared King Victor Emmanuel III • King asked Mussolini to form a government as Prime Minister (Oct. 30, 1922)

22. Mussolini’s Rule • Within three years Mussolini assumed more power and taken title Il Duce- “The Leader” • Suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections & replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters • 1929: He received support from Pope Pius XI for recognizing Vatican as independent state • Parliamentary monarchy was actually a dictatorship upheld by terror

23. State control of the Government • He preserved capitalism • Representatives of business, labor, gov’t, and Fascist party controlled industry, agriculture, and trade • System favored upper classes and industrial leaders • Success came at the expense of the workers- forbidden to strike and wages were low

24. Individual and the State Loyalty to the state replaced conflicting individual goals Glorious state was all-important and the individual was unimportant except as a member of the state

25. Nature of Fascism Mussolini built the first totalitarian state A one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens Fascist is an ideology of Totalitarianism just like Socialism under Stalin

26. What is Fascism? No unifying theory like Marxist, but describes any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive Extreme nationalists and antidemocratic “Survival of the Fittest”

27. Appeal of Fascism • Promised strong stable government and an end to the political feuding • Sense of power and confidence at a time of disorder and despair • Intense nationalism also revived national pride

28. Fascism vs Communism • Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists • Communists worked for international change/ Fascists supported a society with defined classes • Found allies with business leaders, wealthy landowners, and lower middle class • Communist wanted classless society

29. Did have some in Common Drew power by inspiring blind devotion Used terror Flourished during economic hardships Party elite claimed to rule in the name of national interest

30. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany Ch. 28 Sec. 5

31. Adolf Hitler

32. Weimar Republic’s Rise • After WWI Germany tottered on the brink of chaos • Threat of socialist revolution- Kaiser abdicated • Moderate leaders signed the armistice and eventually Versailles treaty • 1919: Constitution drafted in Weimar and created democratic government • Parliamentary system led by chancellor or prime minister

33. Fall of Weimar Republic • Political Struggles • Weak because of multiple parties • Weimar Republic blamed for Versailles Treaty • Runaway Inflation • Economic disaster fed unrest • French occupation of Ruhr Valley • Began recovery and Great Depression • Led Germans to follow Adolf Hitler • Weimar Culture • Culture did not keep with Germany’s illustrious past

34. Nazi Party’s Rise to Power • By 1920 Hitler was the unquestioned leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party • He organized his supporters in groups called “Storm Troopers” • Hitler was determined to become Fuhrer

35. One year out of prison, Hitler began his rise to power- Great Depression played in his favor • Promised to end reparations, create jobs, and defy the Versailles treaty with rearming Germany • 1933: He was appointed Chancellor through legal means • Within a year he was dictator • Germany became a one-party state, he purged his own party and demanded unquestioned obedience

36. Third Reich Controls Germany • Hitler played on German’s past glories • First Reich- Holy Roman Empire/ Second Reich- forged by Bismark • Launched large public works • Crash program to rearm Germany and he schemed to unite Germany and Austria • Both were violations of Versailles Treaty • Became a Totalitarian State under Gestapo

37. Attack on the Jews • Fanatical anti-semitism • 1935 Nuremberg Laws • Nov. 7, 1938: led to Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass” (Nov. 8/9th) • Plans towards “Final Solution” • Nazi Youth • Textbooks were re-written to reflect Nazi views • Purging of German Culture

38. 10 German Rules for Marriage Remember you are a German. Remain pure in mind and spirit! Keep your body pure! If hereditarily fit, do not remain single! Marry only for love. Being a German, only choose a spouse or similar or related blood! When choosing your spouse, inquire into his or her forebears! Health is essential to outward beauty as well! Seek a companion in marriage, not a playmate. Hope for as many children as possible! Your duty is to produce at least four offspring in order to ensure the future of the national stock