Totalitarian Governments

1. Totalitarian Governments Chapter 13 Sections 3-5

2. Fascism in Italy Chapter 13 Section 3

3. Dissatisfaction and Unrest • Allies promised Italy territory in WWI, did not get it • Crisis in Italy- • peasants revolted • high unemployment • government in chaos

4. Mussolini’s Rise to Power • Benito Mussolini • Organized fascist party • Rejected communism • Black Shirts • Combat squads • Rejected democratic process for violent action • 1922 - March on Rome • King gets scared and asks Mussolini to form a government • Mussolini becomes Prime Minister of Italy

5. Mussolini’s Rule • Quickly became dictator with support of Pope Pius XI • Critics thrown in prison • Secret police • Propaganda • Rigged elections • No free press • State control of the economy • High production • No rights • Low pay

6. Individual & the State • Loyalty to state over all else • “Believe! Obey! Fight!” • <14 children = medal from Mussolini • Brainwashing youth • “Mussolini is always right” • Produced strong army by 1930s

7. What is Fascism? • Totalitarian state • One-party dictatorship controls everything • State over individual • Extreme nationalism • Antidemocratic • Violent • Not Communism- • communism is international, wants people to join • Fascism is national has class system, no “workers paradise”

8. Check for Understanding • Why would fascism appeal to people?

9. Appeal of Fascism • Promises: • Strong country • Stable government • End to political feuds • Sense of power • “He got the trains running on time” • Fueled by nationalism

10. The Soviet Union Under Stalin Chapter 13 Section 4

11. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans • Aimed at : • Building heavy industry • Improving transportation • Increasing farm output • Government owned all businesses & resources • Command economy • Government made all economic decisions

12. Mixed Results in Industry • Met production levels • Low quality products • No incentives • Low standard of living

13. Collectivization in Agriculture • Collectives • State-owned farms • All equipment, animals, etc. turned over to government • Farmers rebelled • Killed animals, destroyed equipment, etc. • Stalin executed Kulaks (wealthy farmers) or sent to labor camps • Poor harvests and seizure of grain led to famine and widespread starvation • 5-8 million die in Ukraine Terror Famine

14. Stalin’s Terror Tactics • Terror as a weapon • No freedom of speech or press • Constantly violated human rights • Opponents sent to Gulag (forced labor camps) • Great Purge 1934-1938 • Stalin eliminates rivals, critics, opponents, etc. • Executes, tortures, exiles, sends to Gulags • 4-10 million people killed by Stalin • Results of the Purge • Increased Stalin’s power • Eliminated military leaders, scientists, talented writers, etc.

16. Communist Attempts to Control Thought • Propaganda • Loudspeakers, billboards, posters, theater, etc. • Censorship • Soviet Realism • Portray Soviet Union in good terms • Russification • Elimination of all non-Russian culture • Everyone in Russia is Russian • Religion • Atheism is official religion • Belief in no god

18. Stalin’s Propaganda

21. Soviet Society Under Stalin • New Elite Takes Control • Elites replace nobles as ruling class • Not a society of equals as promised • Benefits & Drawbacks • All children attend school • Universal healthcare • Provided housing • Whole family in one room • Lack of adequate nutrition • Women in the Soviet Union • Equality

23. Soviet Foreign Policy • Spread of Communism worldwide • Damaged relations with Western nations • Red Scare in U.S. • End of relations with Britain in 1926

24. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany Chapter 13 Section 5

25. Weimar Republic • 1919 – German constitution • Led by a Chancellor • Prime Minister • Women had right to vote • Bill of Rights

26. Struggle and Fall • Country looked for strong leadership • Blamed Jews for economic and political problems • Runaway inflation • Prices and income rose, money became worth nothing • 100 marks (July 1922) = 944,000 marks (Aug 1923)

27. Struggle and Fall • Foreign powers helped German economy stabilize • 1929 – Great Depression hits U.S. • U.S. ceases aid to Germany • Germany economy collapses again • Citizens turn to strong leader for recovery • Adolf Hitler

28. Nazi Party’s Rise to Power • Germany must expand to gain living space • Inferior races must be swept away • Mein Kampf – My Struggle • Basis of Nazi ideology • Hitler promised: • End of reparations, Jobs, Rearm Germany • Believing they could control him, Conservatives sided with Hitler over Communist rivals • Hitler became dictator within 1 year

29. Hitler’s First Actions • Destroyed socialists and communists • Disbanded political parties • Purged Nazi party • Demanded unquestioning obedience

30. The Third Reich Controls Germany Third Reich – Third German Empire

31. Germany Under Hitler • Gestapo – Secret police • Enforced Hitler’s will (SS - elites) • Ended unemployment • Revived German power • Nuremberg Laws • Severe restrictions on Jews

32. Night of Broken Glass - Kristallnacht • Jewish boy shoots German diplomat in Paris • Hitler calls for attacks on Jews • Leads to formulation of “Final Solution”

33. Nazi Youth • Brainwashed youth • Less rights to women • “Pure-blooded Aryan” women received rewards for having children

34. Purging German Culture • Denounced modern art • Corrupted by Jews • Condemned Jazz music • African roots • Despised Christianity • Burned Books