Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan and

1. Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet:Temperature vocabulary in Marathi and its extension to the world of emotions Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan and Peter Hook Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA

2. 1.Introduction • Goal of our presentation: exploring the conceptualization of the domain of temperature through the investigation of literal (non-metaphorical) and extended (metaphorical) usages of temperature vocabulary or temperature terms in Marathi. • Marathi: Indo-Aryan, SOV. Primarily spoken in the state of Maharashtra, India.

3. 1.Introduction Maharashtra state Ambient temperature (28 ± 2 °C) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language

4. 1.Introduction • Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather seasons. Tropical conditions prevail all over the state, and even the hill stations are not that cold. Frost occurs sometimes during the colder months. Hail is always possible. • Summer: March, April and May are the hottest months. During April and May thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22°C-39°C during this season. Rainy: Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in Maharashtra, while August too gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts its retreat with the coming of September from the state. Winter: Cool dry spell, with clear skies gentle breeze and pleasant weather prevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature varies between 12°C-34°C during this season. (Source: http://www.maharashtratourism.net/climate.html) • The average annual temperature of Maharashtra remains 25・27 degree centigrade in most regions.(http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/geography-and-history/climate.html)

5. 2. Temperature categories • Kageyama (1980: 58): Object temperature (buttai ondo) expression [temperature range]: NP [BE WITH a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD] Physiologically felt temperature (seiri ondo) expression [temperature sensation] NP [FEEL a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD] • Koptjevskaja-Tamm (Dec 2007): Guidelines for collecting linguistic expressions for temperature concepts EXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE: Tactile temperature vs. Non-tactile temperature perception: Koptjevskaja-Tamm amd Rakhilina (2006: 256-257): tactile temperature (sensation of temperature through touch) vs. non-tactile (sensation of temperature via air). EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE: Personal-feeling temperature

6. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Tactile temperature: COLD: gaar vs thanDa (1) {farshi/bhaanDa/bhaat/sup} [gaar/??thanDa] aahe paved floor/pot/rice/soup cold/cold be.Pres ‘{The paved floor/pot/rice/soup} is cold.’ (2) a. gaar/*thanDa paaNyaa-tse kunDa cold water-GEN pond ‘a pond of cold water’ b.garam paaNyaa-tse kunDa hot water-GEN pond ‘a pond of hot water’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

7. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature (3) a. {thanDa/*gaar} have-tse thikaaN cold weather-GEN place ‘hill station’ b. hi kholi {thanDa/*gaar} aahe this room cold be.Pres ‘This room is cold.’ (4) {thanDa/gaar/thanDagaar} paaNi cold/cold/sharply cold water ‘cold water’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

8. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • PP’s intuition: thanDa, thanDagaar is a EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to samui in Japanese] while gaar is EXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to tsumetai in Japanese]. • In some cases both can be used as in (4) but the meaning would differ: one sprinkles gaar paaNi (and NOT thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi) in the courtyard in summer and drinks thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi (and NOT gaar paaNi). In the latter case, many use gaar paaNi as well but if the drink is changed gaar cannot be used: • thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [usaaTsaa ras]: cold/sugarcane juice • thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [biyar]: chilled bee Cf. malaa thanDi waadztiy (I.DAT cold feel ‘I feel cold.’) EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

9. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Various degrees of “HOTness” for water/liquids {ukaLata/ kaDhat・kaDakaDit / garam /un /kombaT / gaar} paaNi boiling hot/ scalding・intensely hot / hot/warm/ tepid /cold water HOT COLD • Most of Maharashtrians (and Indians) wash their bodies with heated water. The heated water is diluted by addition of ambient temperature water. The proportion of the two gives rise to the above mentioned fine-distinctions of degree of hotness of the water. • For PP, the distinction between uun /kombaT is lost. EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

10. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • For solid and gaseous objects only a two-way distinction is made: garam (hot) vs gaar (cold). • Morphological make-up of temperature adjectives ukaLat{aa,i,e,a,yaa} (>ukaL-Ne: to boil) [aa = masc.sg, i = fem.sg, e/a = neut.sg] kaDhat (> invariant present participle form of the verb kaDha-Ne ‘boil’ [intr] kaDakaDit (>onomatopoeic) garam, un, kombaT, gaar: underived/basic EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

11. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • In addition to the native temperature adjectives, uShNa (hot) and sheeta (cold) borrowed from Sanskrit are used primarily as modifiers of super ordinate objects. uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan} hot {zone of the earth, season, climate} sheeta {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan} cold {zone of the earth, season, climate} EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

12. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Typical syntactic context (5) haa tsahaa khup garam/gaar aahe [Predicative] this tea very hot/cold be.Pres.3sg ‘This tea is very hot.’ (6) {garam tsahaa/ thanDa sarbat} aaN [Attributive] hot tea cold juice bring.Imp ‘Bring {a cup of hot tea/a glass of cold juice}.’ (7) aadzkaalphaar garmi/thanDi asalyaa-muLe [Reference] now days lot heat/cold be-hence kaaLji ghe care take.Imp ‘It’s {hot/cold} now days hence take care.’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

13. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Typical examples of relevant entities (8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives (A) Natural artifacts garam maati/waaLu (hot sand, gravel) garam{hawaa/waraa} (hot air/wind) gaar{hawaa/waraa}(cold air/wind) {garam/gaar} paaNi (hot/cold water) (B)Drinks and food garam tsahaa (hot tea) thanDa sarbat (cold juice) garam poLi ‘hot chapati (bread)’ thanDagaar taak ‘cold buttermilk’ thanDagaar biyar ‘chilled bear’ thanDagaar aiskrim ‘ice-cream’ garam/kombaT/gaar{dudha/paaNi} ‘hot/warm/cold milk/water’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

14. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Typical examples of relevant entities (8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives (c)Household Environment garam shegaDi ‘hot cooking fireplace’ (9) Modification/Comparison atyanta gaar paaNi (very cold water); barphaa-pekshaa gaar paaNi (ice-than cold water) water colder than ice. EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

15. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Non-Tactile temperature (Ambient temperature vs. Clothing temperature) • Ambient temperature • Typical syntactic context NON-REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: no “real” subject (It’s too HOT to do anything today) (10) aadz khup { garmii/thanDii/ garam hot} aahe today lot heat/cold/hot become be.Pres ‘It’s too hot/cold today; One feels very hot/cold today.’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

16. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature QUASI-REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: “weather” or “climate” as a subject (The weather is too HOT today.): not possible. (11) *aadzace hawaamaan phaarats today’s weather a lot garam aahe hot be.Pres Lit. ‘Today’s weather is very hot.’ (example (10) would be used) EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

17. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature “Place” as a subject(Rome is pretty HOT this time of year.): not possible (12)*a. dilli atta khup garam/thanDa aahe Delhi now lot hot/cold be.Pres ‘Delhi is very hot/cold now.’ b. dilli-t atta khup garmii/thanDii aahe Delhi-in now lot heat/cold be.Pres Lit. ‘In Delhi there is lot of heat/cold now.’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

18. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature “Air”, “wind” as the subject (The wind coming from the Sahara is HOT.) (13) uttar-bhaarataa-kaDun raajyaa-kaDe yeNaare waare north-India-from state-toward coming winds thanDa as.lyaaNe raajyaa-til taapmaan ghaTle aahe cold are.hence state-in temperature reduced be.Pres ‘As the winds blowing from North India to (Maharashtra) state are cold, the temperature in the state has lowered down.’ (72.78.249.107/esakal/20091202/5020096785402429942.htm) • “The sun” as subject: not possible (The sun at this time of the day was really HOT.) EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

19. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature “Time” as the subject: not possible (Last Sunday was really hot.) (14) *a. gelaa rawiwaar khup garam hotaa past Sunday a lot hot was ‘Last Sunday was very hot.’ b. gelyaa rawiwaar-i khup garam hot past Sunday-on a lot hot become hota was ‘Last Sunday one felt very hot.’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

20. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature ATTRIBUTION “weather” or “climate” as a subject (Older people need to sleep in cool and comfortable conditions in the HOT weather.) (15) garam hawaamaan-aat baaher phiraNe yogya naahi hot weather-in outside wondering good not ‘It’s not good to wonder outside in hot weather.’ “Place” as a subject (16) thanDa pradesh-aat yaa wanaspati waadhat cold place/area-in these plants grow naahit not ‘These plants do not grow in cold places.’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

21. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature “Air”, “wind” as the subject (17) dilli-t diwas-bhar jhombre-waare wahaa.t hote Delhi-in day-throughout biting-winds flow.Ptcpl were ‘In Delhi biting winds were flowing throughout the day.’ • “The sun” as subject: not possible • “Time” as the subject: not possible REFERENCE (18) uttar pradeshaa-t thanDi-ne 337 lok maraN paawle Uttar pradeshi-in cold-by 337 people died aahet are ‘In Uttar Pradeshi, 337 people died by cold.’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

22. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures • Geographical Places • Typically uninhabited places • Mountain: ???? (may be cold: thanDa dongar-daryaa cold mountains and valleys) • Volcano: ??? (may be hot: tapta jwaalaamukhi burning volcano) • Forest: ??? (may be cold: thanDa jangal cold jungle) • Dersert: ??? (may be hot: raNranNte waaLwanTa glowing desert) • Shadow: thanDa saawli ‘cold shadow’ • Inhabited places • garam/thanDa desh ‘hot/cold country’, garam/thanDa shahar ‘hot/cold city’, garam/thanDa gaaw ‘hot/cold villege’ • Time • garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {diwas (day), raatra (night), pahaaT (morning), dupaar (afternoon), sandhyaakaaL (evening}, aathawaDaa (week), mahinaa (month), warsha (year), kaaL (period), weL (hour/time), hrutu (season) } EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

23. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures • Weather • garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaamaan (weather), taapmaan (climate)} • Conductors of heat • garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaa (air), waaraa (wind)} • Environmental sources of heat • taLapataa surya (gleaming sun) • shital Chandra (cold moon) • stars (???) • dhagdhagti aag (fiercely glowing fire) EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

24. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Typical examples of relevant entities: Indoor temperatures • garam/thanDa ghar ‘hot/cold room’ • garam/thanDa kholi ‘hot/cold room’ • garam sauna ‘hot sauna’ • thanDa refrijreTar ‘cold refrigerator’ • Sources of heat • garma shekoTi ‘warm bonfire’ • garam bhaTTi ‘hot furnace’ • garam hiTar ‘warm heater’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

25. 3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature • Clothing temperature (19) haa sweTar ub-daar aahe this sweater heat-bearer be.Pres ‘This sweater is warm.’ (20) malaa ub-daar sweTar hawaay To me heat-bearer sweater need ‘I need a warm sweater.’ • Typical examples of relevant entities: Clothing sweTar ‘sweater’, jyakeT ‘jacket’, kapaDe ‘clothes’, buT ‘boots’ • Bed (clothing) anthruN ‘spreading sheet’, paangharuN ‘covering sheet/blancket’ EXPERIENCE-BASEDTactile temperature

26. 4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature Typical syntactic contexts PREDICATION (21) hyaa khoi-t hiTar nasalyaane malaa thanDi waadztiy This room-in heater not.hence to me cold feel ‘I feel cold since there is no heater in this room.’ (22) hyaa khoi-t pankhaa nasalyaane malaa garam hotay this room-in fan not.hence to me hot feel ‘I feel hot since there is no fan in this room.’ (23) taap aalyaane malaa {thanDi waadztiy/ garam hotay} fever come.hence to me cold feel/ hot feel ‘I feel {cold/hot} since I have fever.’ (24) maadzhyaa kaanaa-laa thanDiwaadztiy my ear-to cold feel ‘I feel cold in my ears.’ • No person-distinction is made like Japanese (samui [1P] vs. samusou [2, 3P]). •  ATTRIBUTION: ??, REFERENCE: ?? EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature

27. 4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature Typical examples of relevant entities • Living things: lahaan mul (child), stri (females), puruSh (males), wayaskar lok (old people. • Animals: kutra (dog), mandzar (cat), hatti (elephant). • Body-parts: kaan (ear), naak (nose), haat (hand), pay (leg) • Concrete uses: meaning • In Marathi no distinction is made between ‘warm’ and ‘hot’ in the case of solid and gaseous things. In the case of liquids this distinction is made (kombaT vs. garam) and ‘warm’ may means ‘less hot than the expected standard’ in suitable contexts apart from the objective temperature (i.e. less than hot one). EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature

28. 4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature • There is separate term for “clothing warm” (ubdaar). Temperature above warm are considered dangerous.   Dangerously high • { ukaLata/ kaDhat・kaDakaDit / garam} paaNi boiling hot/ scalding・intensely hot / hot water Pleasantly warming   • {un /kombaT } paaNi warm/ tepid water EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature

29. 4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature • COLD, COOL, CHILLY • barphaa-saarkha gaar paaNi (ice-like cold water) • gaar paaNi (cold water) • Others • kombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese) EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature

30. 4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature • No special term for neutral temperatures • COLD, COOL, CHILLY barphaa-saarkha gaar paaNi (ice-like cold water) gaar paaNi (cold water) • Others kombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese) EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature

31. 4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature • To sum up the literal (non-extended) usage of temperature adjectives in Marathi: • Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”. • Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for liquids) • Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate contexts. • Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”. • The cold side of the spectrum has only one term.

32. 5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary • In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, attributive uses are fairly restricted. Cf. grama-a-garam Khabar (hot or breaking/sensational news), garma-a-garam sinetarkaa (sexy film actress)

33. 5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary • In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, predicative uses are more productive than the attributive ones. (25) tisraa umedwaar maatra atishay thanDa aahe third candidate however extremely cold be.Pres.3SgM ‘The third candidate however is extremely quite.’(www.loksatta.com) (26) selinaa sadhyaa garam aahe Selina now days hot be.Pres.3SgF ‘Selina is angry now days.’ (marathi.webdunia.com) • aataa khaasagi kharedi-cyaa spardhe-muLe baadzaar now private buying-Gen competition-dut to market garam aahe hot be.Pres.3SgM ‘Now due to the competition created by private (non-governmental) buying the market is hot. ’ (www.cottonyarnmarket.net/NEWS/SSS2.htm)

34. 5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary • Emotions: General Metonymic Principle: The physiological effects of an emotion stand for the emotion. (Lakoff 1987: 382) (29) dainandin kaamkaadzaa-ne Doka garam dzhaale ki day-to-day work-by head hot become then goraa saaheb phalTani-saha thanDahawe-cyaa British officer staff-with cold weather-Gen ThikaaNi rawaanaa hot ase place used to go ‘On getting bugged with day-to-day chores British officer used to go to hill station with his staff.’ (30) DokathanDa thew-un wichaar kar head cold keep-CP thinking do ‘Keep your cool and think.’

35. 5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary • Metonymic construal: INCREASE IN BODY TEMPRATURE STANDS FOR ANGER =>Metaphorical construal: ANGER IS HEAT, ANGER IS FIRE (Lakoff 1987: 380-389) (31) wakil-saaheb garam dzhaale lawyer-respected hot become.Pst.3Pl ‘The respected lawyer got angry.’ (maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3192090.cm) (32) mag te thanDa dzhaale then they cold become.Pst.3Pl ‘Then they calmed down.’ (ejmarathe.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_28.html) (33) sharad pawar-yaantsaa paaraa tsaDhlaa Sharad Pawar-Gen mercury rise.Pst.3SgM ‘Mr. Sharad Pawar got angry.’ (article.wn.com/.../WNATc446d26032bdfb5ca2b01c467f07b2d3/) (34) maadzhyaa maitriNi-tsaa paaraa utarlaa I.Gen friend.Gen mercury fall.Pst.3SgM ‘My friend calmed down.’ (www.deshdoot.com/detail_archive.php)

36. 5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary Culture specific metaphors (35) hindutwaa-tsaa tawaa garam karNyaatsaa prayatna Hinduism-of fry pan hot doing effort sanghapariwaaraa-ne kelaa the Sangh family-Erg did ‘The Sangh family (Hindu Nationalist Organization family) tried to popularize their Hinduist agenda.’ (www.ibnlokmat.tv/showblog.php?id=61262&pg=) (36) truk-maalak-chaalakaan-kaDun paishaa-chi maagNi kar-un pathkaa-til truck-owners-drivers-from money-of demand do-CP squad-in adhikaari wa karmachaari khisaa garam kar-un ghetat officers and employees pocket hot do-CP take ‘By demanding money from the truck owners and drivers the officers and employees in the (police) squad enrich their pockts.’

37. 6. Summary Literal (non-extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi: • Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”. • The cold side of the spectrum has only one term. • Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for liquids) • Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate contexts. • Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature” Non-literal (figurative/extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi: • Like many other languages, temperature serves as a SOURCE domain for understanding of emotions like ANGER.

38. References • Kageyama, Taro. 1979. Ondo hyougen no imi kouzou. Gengo bunka kenkyu, No. 5 • Kageyama, Taro. 1980. Nichiei Hikaku Goi no Kouzou. Tokyo: Shohakusha. • Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. & E. Rakhilina 2006. "Some like it hot": on semantics of temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish. STUF (Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung), a special issue on Lexicon in a Typological and Contrastiv Perspective, ed. by Leuschner, T. & G. Giannoulopoulou, 59 (2). • Lakoff, Geroge & Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press. • Lakoff, George. 1987. Woman, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press. • Shimotori, Misuzu. 2004. The semantics of eight common temperature adjectives in written Japanese. Department of linguistics, Stockholm university: M.A. thesis. • Shindo, Mika. 1998-9. An analysis of metaphorically extended concepts based on bodily experience. A case study of temperature expressions. Papers in linguistic science, 4:29–54, 5: 57–73. • Sutrop, Urmas. 1998. Basic temperature terms and subjective temperature scale. Lexicology, 4.1:60-104

39. Thank you very much !! • Comments, criticisms are most welcome! • Contact: prashant@ninjal.ac.jp

40. Memo