TELECOM-THE INDIAN GROWTH ENGINE

1. TELECOM-THE INDIAN GROWTH ENGINE Keynote Presentation By NK Goyal, President CMAI Chairman Emeritus, TEMA Vice Chairman ITU APT; Chairman, ITPS Dubai Member, Governing Board Telecom Equipment and Services Export Promotion Council (Govt. of India) National Telecom Symposium, BITM Pune, August 5th 2011 www.nkgoyals.com, www.cmai.asia, +91 98 111 29879 http://in.linkedin.com/in/nkgoyals, http://www.facebook.com/nkgoyalcmai

2. CES, 2009 being inaugurated and ribbon cutting at Las Vegas on 8th January, 2009 by NK Goyal with Sir Howard Stringer, Chairman & CEO of Sony Corporation, Mr. Tom Hanks, the American movie star, Mr.Gary Yacoubian, Chairman CEA & President of Myer-Emco AudioVideo, Mr. Gary Saprio, Vice President of CEA, Ms. Qu., Presixdent, CECC China, Mr. Patrick Lavelle, President and CEO of Audiovox, Mr. Peter Lesser, President and CEO of X-10 (USA) Inc, Mr. Loyd Ivey, Chairman and CEO of MiTek Electronics and Communications, Mr. Jay McLellan, President and CEO of Home Automation, Inc. (HAI), Mr. Mike Mohr, President of Celluphone, Mr.Grant Russell, President of Kleen Concepts 

3. Telecom in Asia • Asia is a region of superlatives in the ICT arena with over two billion telephones, including 1.4 billion mobile subscribers, and 42 per cent of the world’s Internet users • Telco TV service revenue in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to reach US$ 8bn by the end of 2014, representing a CAGR of 45.5% between 2009 and 2014 • Asia is also the world’s largest broadband market with a 39 per cent share of the world’s total

4. Advantage India • At $ 1.15 Tr India is the third largest consumer on PPP basis. • India ranks better than China and Vietnam on the Index of Economic Freedom although it is lower than the world average as awarded by The Heritage Foundation and WALL STREET JOURNAL. • India scores higher than China and Vietnam on “World Rankings property rights”, which describes the protection of property and intellectual property rights • India has a score of 38 on “economic measure of income inequality” better than China (47) US (45) Japan(38) but poorer to UK (34). Shows equal distribution of wealth. • The annual supply of science and engineering graduates is higher than China and other developed countries • Over 2.3 million graduates and 0.7 million post-graduates each year • 2nd largest pool of scientists/ engineers in the world • Highest number of qualified engineers, second on trained doctors • 389 universities, 14,169 colleges, 1,500 research institutions

5. India’s Electronics Potential • Current India Electronic Hardware market size about US $ 34 Bn. out of which production $16.1 Bn. Ranked 26th in the world in sales, 29th in production • Demand growing 25% CAGR, from 4% of GDP to 12% by 2015 ie. 320 Bn. Total production may go up to $ 150 Bn. And exports $ 21 Bn. with employment potential of 21 Mn. • Consumer Electronics (CE) is the largest segment of the Electronics sector. It contributes 33% to the Electronics production in the Country. • Nationwide TV broadcast to be digital by 2015, significant opportunity for STB consumption & manufacturing • PC sales, ITES/Software Exports, Internet, Broadband all set to grow www.cmai.asia

6. India’s e-Governance Plan- Giving birth to an entire web-based economy • The size of Indian IT industry estimated as $76 Bn. • National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) announced in May 2006 by Government of India envisages massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages and large-scale digitization of records. It comprises of 27 Mission Mode Projects and eight components. • Government`s own State Wide Area Network (SWAN) project already in place for intra-government connectivity under which every block level government office in the country across 27 states is connected. The speed is planned to be upgraded to 2 Mbps. • Projects are upcoming for computerization including public sector banks & insurance co. with estimated cost Rs 20,000 Cr • In the next couple of years the industry is expected to grow by 22-25 percent.

7. Infrastructure Investments of India • Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee allocated 12.14 trillion to be spent on infrastructure for 2011-12 in the annual budget, a 23.3 percent increase over the current fiscal year, and projected a 40.99 trillion investment for infrastructure development during the 12th Plan.

8. BELL’S TELEPHONE • Alexander Graham Bell, keenly interested in the education of deaf people, invented the microphone and in 1876 his "electrical speech machine," ie today’s telephone. Bell set up the first telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut in 1878. By 1884, long distance connections were made between Boston, Massachusetts and New York City. • Since his death in 1922, the telecommunication industry has undergone an amazing revolution. Today, non-hearing people are able to use a special display telephone to communicate. • Bell's "electrical speech machine" paved the way for the Information Superhighway. Fiber Optics are improving the quality and speed of data transmission.

9. Convergence • Tremendous convergence of the Information Technology is happening now a days. There was a time when handsets were used to make phone calls and talk to the people and desktops and laptops were used to surf the net. Now, the handset is being used via 3G technology, to do video conferencing, to talk to each other, to have night chats on handsets and we are using mobile to surf the net. • There are more opportunities, now, for youth to find new and dynamic ideas, to be more creative, to participate in this ever changing dynamic sector.

10. Indian Telecom • World’s highest monthly additions – 15-18 Million plus subscriber • Second largest in the world after China • 864 Mn. subscribers • 281 state-of-the art Networks (GSM+CDMA) • 24 National Long Distance & 19 ILD Licensees • Lowest tariff but highest profitability. • Lowest Call Rates in the World • India ranks highest in Mobile monthly Minutes of Usages per subscriber in Asia Pacific Region and second to USA in the world….500 minutes per month • Innovative approach of doing business at lowest operation costs. • Innovative value added concepts…missed calls, rural applications, lowest prepaid charge

11. India Telecom Investment Opportunities • Indian Telecom sector to witness huge investments to the tune of $ 110 Bn. during 2012-2017 • Telecom Subscribers to cross 1.5 billion by 2015 and 5 billion by 2020. • About 25 per cent ( Appx. 300 million) would be 3G/4G subscribers, which would require scaling up the infrastructure. • About $ 70 Bn. is estimated to be invested in rolling out green field 2G, 3G/4G and WiMax networks, while $ 25 Bn. would be required to set up an extra 200,000-odd telecom towers across the country. • The total investment in the pan-India broadband rollout is expected to be $ 20 Bn, while another $ 20 Bn. will be invested in augmenting the transmission network.

12. CONTINUED WIRELESS GROWTH EXPECTED DUE TO • Booming economy, rising income, increasing available disposable surplus • Continued big demand, rural potential • New Operators bringing in competition, spread and cheaper tariffs • Introduction of 3G, Wimax technologies • Operators allowed intra service roaming • Mobile Handsets costs substantially reduced • FDI 74% in operations and 100% for manufacturing • Rural Telecom, Broadband, VAS market • New Innovative services, Mobile payments, location based services

13. Broadband Global Status • Universal broadband service has become a priority for all Countries. • 578 million worldwide broadband subscribers as of December, 2010 • Consumer enthusiasm for broadband service. By 2013 the number of global broadband subscribers will surpass 1 billion. • The growing popularity of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as watching online video, using IP-based telephony services, and downloading music files, is spurring global demand for broadband Internet connections.

14. India Broadband Status • 11.87 Mn. Broadband subscribers( 256 Kbps) as on March, 2011. • 10% increase in broadband penetration increases GDP of a developing Country by 1.38%.(World Bank) • The penetration would also generate 20 million jobs • Targeting a whopping 14-fold increase in the broadband from 1.1 Crore Subscribers during 2010 to 7.5 Crore by 2012 and 16 Crore by 2014.

15. National Optical Fiber Network ( NOFN) • NOFON envisages to connect 5,00,000 villages with the internet broadband services in the next two years. • This was in response to TRAI, Indian Telecom Regulator proposal to create National Broadband Backbone with around Rs 17,000 Crore laying fiber cables from Universal Services Obligations (USO) funds • The optical fibre network would help various service providers and users get broadband through a variety of wired and wireless solutions.

16. Opportunities for Green Technologies • In spite of having low greenhouse gas emissions per capita, India has already become the 3th largest emitter in the world, according to the International Energy Association. That means immense international pressure to respond. • As per Greenpeace the Indian telecom sector requires 14 billion units of energy and it ends up consuming around 2 billion liters of diesel. Energy requirement projected to reach 26 billion units by 2012  • TRAI, Indian telecom regulator proposed 50 per cent of all towers in the rural areas are powered by hybrid renewable sources by the year 2015. Total towers estimated 4,00,000. • Hence large opportunity to develop and cooperate in alternate energy for telecom sector.

17. Solar Energy Potential • Solar energy potential in India is estimated about 70GW by 2022 with Over $42 Bn. investment • India gets 300 sunny days a year that can help generate estimated 5 trillion MW of energy • Govt. Committed to support the solar energy scale-up while also reducing solar costs. Over 1,600 MW of Power Purchase Agreements(PPAs) have already been signed. • Capital costs for solar projects have dropped from INR 15-16 Crore/MW to INR 12-13 Crore/MW. • Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) is being implemented across the country. Under this Distribution companies and captive consumers will have to source 5% to 15% over ten years of their energy from renewable sources. Within this, there is a solar-specific RPO of 0.25%, slated to grow to 3% over the same time frame. The RPOs will be implemented through Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)

18. Indian UID Project • India Govt. has started first of its kind project in the world Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) • Over 10 $ Bn. projected investment in National IDand E Governance. • Under this unique identity number will be issued to 600 Mn. of Indian population by 2014. • Single identity paradigm would facilitate giving identity to citizens, enable tracking of end to end service delivery, subscription to new services, help tracking people related with security concerns. • This project offers tremendous opportunities for technology and products. 

19. Indian VAS Market • SMS continues as world over highest revenue generator • Ring tones and SMS account for large portion of VAS market. About 8,00,000 ring tones downloaded daily • In India Revenue from VAS presently is 10-14% of total revenue, expected to grow 30% within next 5-7 years. • VAS core component of operators revenue • High end users....video on demand, user generated content ie. interface between web and mobile • Long tail users, who focus on contents subsidized by ads. • Good scope for utility based services eg. Location information, M commerce etc. • Gaming coming up in big way. 30% of games download in Category B/C towns. • Mobile advertisement picking up. Global revenue from mobile advertisement expected to grow $ 10-20 Mill by 2011 • The Indian mobile VAS) expected to reach US$ 5.8 Bn. by 2013, from US$ 2.0 Bn. in 2009. Currently,

20. Smart Grid Opportunities • India will continue to experience insatiable energy demand growth over the next several years, giving rise to perfect storm. • India offers $400 billion opportunity in building energy infrastructure. From current installed base of 170 GW, India will build up to 316 GW by 2020. Additionally, the National Solar Mission is going to add 20,000 MW of solar energy in next 10 years.  • In the same time-frame, the demand gap will grow from 19GW to 103GW, an increase of five times. • In this scenario, all types of energy have opportunities- conventional, nuclear, and renewable including Smart Grid applications.

21. SOCIAL NETWORKING • India currently has 50 Mn. mobile web users. The growing popularity of mobile social networkingcan also be attributed to youth. Youth being mobile savvy as well as enthusiastic users of social networking sites are setting the trend, attributing to the rise of social networking through mobiles. • Approximately 10 Mn. urban Indians used their mobile phones for engaging in social networking during quarter ending August, 2009, a reach of 3.3% among urban Indian mobile phone user. It also overtook China to take the 3rd place in the global mobile internet industry. • 7 out of top 20 sites Indian internet users are visiting are in the arena of social media. 4 out of top 20 most visited sites in India are social networking sites. More than 70% people who are online are engaging with social media on some or the other platform.

22. Mobile Commerce and Social Commerce • About 7 per cent of the overall internet users in India are active on line shoppers. This is likely to grow to 25% in next three years with more mobile users and growing mobile commerce applications on use. • Social commerce is also expected to grow substantially as it could prove to be a key revenue model for social sites. This can be achieved either by creating a universal social currency or through social apps that will either help people transact or provide consumer feedback about a specific product or brand.

23. Content Distribution • One of the key digital milestones in 2010 was the streaming of IPL matches on YouTube. This triggered many TV channels into creating their respective channels on YouTube to use them as delivery mechanisms and retain user engagement. Large production houses like Balaji Telefilms as well as startups like CoolDose.com began creating exclusive videos for the web. • Entertainment might take a whole new meaning as more channels are expected to create and produce content specifically for the web. TV sets may transform into internet devices with the ability to navigate and access on demand content.

24. Telecom Equipments Manufacturing • India import 40 to 50 Bn $ of electronic hardware presently. • Demand for telecom equipment in 2009-10 was pegged at Rs 547.65 Bn. or about 5.5 per cent of the total global demand. This is projected to grow to Rs 965.14 billion by 2015 and Rs 1,700.91 billion by 2020. • TRAI, Indian telecom regulator proposed telecom firms to source 80 per cent of their network equipment and other related infrastructure from domestic manufacturers in a phased manner.

25. Global Mobile Handset Market • Over 2 Bn. people worldwide will own at least one smart phone in 2015, with unit sales growing over 175% from 2010. (Parks Associates ) • Global mobile handset industry valued at appx $133bn in 2009 likely to grow at CAGR of 17.1% during 2009–14 to reach $293bn by 2014. • India and China largely driving growth of smart phones in Asia Pacific, which constituted 47% of total of 112 Mn. shipments during 2009. Likely to grow more than 50% by 2014 with total shipment forecasted 712 Mn. • Smart phones contributed 79 % of profits during 2009 even though market share was hardly 17%.

26. Diesel in Telecom • Global NGO Greenpeace says diesel consumed by telecom companies for providing power at telecom towers is causing an estimated loss of Rs 2,600 crore annually to the government in form of subsidy. • the sector require 26 Bn Kw. of electricity and 3 Bn. Litres of diesel by 2012 which will enhance carbon emission from the country to significant level. • Subsidy of Rs 7 to Rs 11 per litre on diesel reduces the cost of the fuel by around 21 per cent • sector consumption of diesel grown to 300 crore litres by FY11-end • telecom sector spend Rs 12,600 crore annually on diesel fuel and on removing subsidy of 21 per cent from diesel cost of diesel fuel for telecom sector would go to Rs 15,200 crore annually.

27. Mobile Entertainment Opportunities • Asia Pacific has more than 57% share in global mobile entertainment industry. • Global Mobile Entertainment industry expected to grow at CAGR of 19 % from 19 $ Bn. In 2008 to $54bn by 2014. • Mobile music, the largest contributor, expected to grow at CAGR of 13 % from $10bn in 2008 to $21bn by 2014. • Mobile video, the second largest revenue generator, expected to grow 36 % CAGR, from $2bn in 2008 to $14bn 2014.

28. Growing Data Traffic • Mobile data traffic is expected to double every year through 2013.This boost in traffic is eating up bandwidth and providing a threat to everyone's user experience. • Apple's iPhone, and the G1 Google phone, mobile video are creating a dramatic increase in mobile Internet traffic. This increased mobile data usage could eventually suffocate network bandwidth and clog wireless networks. • Increased usage of internet-centric phones, more multimedia rich applications, and the increase in sharing of data using mobile devices provides a threat to existing capacity and operator profitability.

29. Global IPTV Market • Subscriptions from IPTV-based companies including telco companies will almost double in three years to 70 million from 30 million at the end of 2010 • IPTV Revenues to grow $27 Bn. by2014 from 12.9 Bn $ in 2010 • Within India also demand for IPTV is rising and offers vast opportunities.

30. Opportunities in Cloud Computing • The cloud computing market in India is expected to grow at a CAGR of 40 per cent by 2015 to Rs 11,200 Crores ( $3 Bn.) from an estimated $66.7 million in 2009, $ 500 Mn. In 2011 driven by cost and performance efficiencies • During the same period, the global revenues from cloud services will grow from $29 Bn. to over $70 Bn. • Some well know cloud services today are Google's search, Apple's iTunes, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft's Azure.. • As compute loads grow 10 times, 100 times and even 1,000 times, there is need for new architectures for IT systems.

31. Telecom Challenges Worldwide • Health and environmental concerns resulting in several law suits, myths and alarms. • Consumer concerns on quality, tariff and after sale service issues. • Use of telecom network by terrorists, ant social activities • Technology misuse in all sorts of crime ranging from credit card fraud to data theft to simple defamation. Regulatory means for this and also to avoid unsecured wireless networks. • Increasing awareness of restrictions sought for use of mobiles in schools, public areas, while driving, offices etc. For ex. • New York banning cell phones in schools and Indian Parliament Committee examining need for reasonable restrictions in use of mobile.

32. Technology Battles • Telecom is characterized by Hype and Technology debates. • At any given time there must be a live technology debate in telecom era. • The question for network operators is no longer which technology is best--WiMAX or LTE--but which application will compel consumers and enterprises to upgrade to 4G. Will it be video? Or will it just be more bandwidth for the always-on, always-available wireless broadband connection that consumers have come to expect?

33. Hype v/s reality • Internet speed….India Govt. says 256 Kbps, vendors talk of 2 Mbps….as per TRAI no body even gets 256 Kbps. • We hear faster speed…but what and under what conditions…no body declares • There is no one in the world who knows for sure where we are heading or how we will get there. • Hype: LTE will provide about 50 Mbps data services. Fact: Only in a lab where there is a 20 MHz wide LTE system and there is only one user.

34. Everybody wants everything • Nokia-Microsoft tie-up( announced August, 2009) for Office software- v/s Blackberry RIM • Nokia offerings cost less than those from RIM, and require less investment. • Nokia backs Symbian, an operating system that competes directly with Microsoft's Windows Mobile platform. • Google bringing enterprise-focused additions to their Android platform, • Apple has long been pushing its iPhone into the Corporate space.

35. Goggle becoming telecom company • Google, search giant & an online advertising company inching toward disrupting the telecommunications industry • In 2006 Wi Fi launched free citywide in Mountain View, California, Goggle Headquarters. • In 2008 was interest to acquire spectrum but dropped plans • Launched Android operating system and Nexus one phone • Launched Google Voice, the universal telephone number and voice mail system. A new Goggle number manages all different lines. Call to Google Voice number sets the account to have all your phones ring. The call is converted into IP. Voicemails can also be transcribed and sent as email or sms to mobile. • By giving a new number that’s not attached to a provider, Google decouples phone number from a carrier in the same way that your email address is no longer attached to your Internet provider. Hence it weakens dependence on any particular telecom provider. • So question is Is Google an Internet company that offers voice service, or a voice company whose calls originate over the Internet?

36. Recognition of Fixed Broadband • Google during February, 2010 announced plans to build and test ultra high-speed upto 1 GBps broadband networks in a small number of trial locations across the United States to serve 50,000 to 500,000 subscribers. It will be on principles of net neutrality. • Goggle aims to try out new ways to build and operate fiber networks and share what they learn with the world.

37. Arc Rivals coming together • AT&T earlier only allowed WiFi connections and prevented VoIP iPhone application from running on its 3G network. Now they have allowed Skype's iPhone app to transmit low-cost calls across its AT&T's cellular network • Verizon in October announced a partnership with longtime rival Google. This has produced several Verizon-powered Android phones. Verizon also said it would support Google Voice. • Skype has been challenged telecom operators over closed network mentality. In February, 2010 Verizon and Skype jointly addressed Press Conference at Barcelona and announced

38. Beyond imagination • Fixed phone to Mobile • Cable & Wireless & RIM are to allow businesses to route a fixed call to a Black Berry phone. The technology also allows a mobile to act as a landline when the user is inside the office, transferring traffic to the fixed voice network, at the same cost as a landline call. Meanwhile, when the user is outside the building, they will roam onto a mobile network. • O2’s provides ‘Mobile Landline’ or ‘fixed number anywhere’ to dealers as an add-on for customers.This allows small businesses to take incoming landline calls directly on mobile phone. Upto 5 fixed numbers can be port to one mobile AND one fixed number can be ported upto 10 mobiles.

39. New Innovations costing others and now self? • Almost every week a new application is announced which also aims to take additional revenue from existing others. And slowly it has started affecting the industry itself. • And it also comes back to operators: • Mobile VoIP is moving beyond its initial function as a new mechanism to get inexpensive international/local calls. • MVNOs and 3G operators without legacy networks using Mobile VoIP to more cost effectively add voice to data offerings. • While Mobile VoIP still poses a direct threat to operator voice revenue, it also represents a dynamic new capability that promises numerous applications. • Skype and Vonage have influenced users to think of voice as a data application. • As user habits are being shaped by rich on-line communication experiences, mobile carriers control over devices and data applications is waning. • By 2013 Mobile VoIP applications will generate annual revenues of $32.2 billion, driven by over 278 million registered users worldwide.( In stat)

40. Security Threats • India offers big market for security related technologies for networks, customers. • The speed with which criminals are capitalizing on world events, growing collaboration among cybercriminals and a growing threat from disgruntled former employees. • Less than 24 hours after the news of Michael Jackson’s death first broke, spammers had sent more than 5 billion spam emails, reaching a peak of more than 5% of global spam • The creators of the Conficker worm, which infected an estimated 9 million computers starting late last year, had established an agreement with the makers of the spambot, Waledac, to help monetize eachother’s efforts in a partnership of product and distribution. • Technological innovations are required to address these issues. • RIM makers of blackberry says UAE Etisalat issued update during July, 2009 for increasing performance was actually spay ware. It could allow unauthorized access to private information and emails and it reduces drastically battery life.

41. We talk of Speed in Telecom? • JOHANNESBURG South Africa 11-month-old pigeon took one hour and eight minutes to fly the 50 miles from Unlimited IT's offices near Pietermaritzburg to the coastal city of Durban with a data card strapped to its leg. • Including downloading, the transfer took two hours, six minutes and 57 seconds — the time it took for only four percent of the data to be transferred using a line provided by Telkom. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32772500/ns/world_news-weird_news/ September, 2009

42. LTE SPEEDhttp://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/story/vodafone-no-lte-europe-2010/2009-07-09?utm_medium=nl&utm_source=internal • Ericsson UK's CTO John Cunliffe, • "The technical guys know that advertising those big speeds is damaging, but they're the numbers the marketing guys want to push," • "It's difficult, if one company is advertising the maximum speed, for another to then turn around and advertise the likely speed. It's going to need everybody to be honest." • While the technology is theoretically capable of hitting 150 Mbps, Ericsson admits they are unlikely to be replicated in the real world. A company spokesman suggested users could see an improvement of around "10 times over their current experience on a 3.6 Mbps mobile broadband connection." • Cunliffe said Ericsson's road map will see the vendor moving from 150 Mbps to 300 Mbps and then 600 Mbps during the initial phase of LTE. Advanced versions of the technology will exceed 1 Gbps, but that capability is a ways off.

43. Operators fined for charging what was stated free • June, 2009 Verizon paid $ 1.5 Mill. to Florida State as settlement for third-party charges that appeared on consumers' bills.  The customers were charged for ring tones, wallpapers and other mobile content that had been marketed as free • February,2009 AT&T Mobility refunded thousands of Florida consumers for the same problem. AT&T agreed to pay Florida $2.5 million and contribute $500,000 toward consumer education on safe Internet use.

44. CMAI ICOMM 2011 • 6TH CMAI India International Communications Fair 2011 Mobiles Tablets Consumer Electronics 21-22 August 2011 NSIC Expo Grounds | New Delhi | India • The Biggest Buyer Sourcing Platform-One to One Business Meetings • Best Partner for Market Expansion, Lead Generation in India’s Mobile Handset and Electronics Industry

45. Priorities for World • Global Poverty & inequality • Inspite of quite phenomenal growth during last decade • Almost half of the world’s population lives below the poverty line • The lower 50% possess less than 1% of the world’s wealth • Over a billion people suffer from chronic malnutrition • Three billion do not have access to clean water or proper sanitation • Along with poverty, inequality has risen dramatically and dangerously • The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted in 2000, were meant to solve these issues by 2015. Not much hope to achieve that. • Climate Change… A SERIOUS ISSUE • While climate change has been described as the greatest challenge (and threat) mankind has ever had to face, it could also be the greatest opportunity. It will ultimately stand out as the test of whether humanity can engage in collaborative survival or is doomed to conflictual destruction. • Sustainable and inclusive development is possible. Are we ready to work for it?

46. Protectionism by Countries • World leaders pledged to resist protectionism and support free trade in order to speed the economic recovery and avoid the mistakes of the 1930s as the centre piece of the London G20 summit in April, 2009 • Governments around the world have continued to push up trade barriers in spite of above World Trade Organization report in July, 2009 • There is surge in anti-dumping complaints as crisis-stricken companies take action against foreign competitors they might have tolerated in better times. Anti-dumping investigations increased 28 per cent last year compared with 2007. • As per WTO, most affected have been agricultural products – particularly dairy – iron and steel, autos, chemicals and plastics, and textiles and clothing. • Various Governments introduced programmes to support automakers, pulp and paper producers and others. A total of 19 governments reported moves to support financial institutions.

47. Buy American Broadband policy • The American Recovery and Re-investment Act, 2009 includes a ‘Buy America Provisions’ requiring that all iron, steel and manufactured goods used in public works projects financed under the Bill should be made in the US. It is reasonable to believe that apart from iron and steel products, lack of access to stimulus funded project had adversely impacted other manufactured products as well. • National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is distributing $4.7 billion of the $7.2 billion earmarked for broadband deployments in un served and underserved areas • It provides BUY American condition for optic cables, coaxial cables, cell towers and other facilities that are in abundance in the United States • It granted a limited waiver for switching, access, transport, routing, customer premise and billing equipment as well as end user devices • The Rural Utilities Service (RUS) program in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is in charge of giving out $2.5 billion of the stimulus money. • Congress said funds provided under the law passed in February generally can't be used for iron, steel and factory goods not produced in the U.S.

48. Hackers • 4chan.org, Founded in 2003 by 15-year-old Christopher Poole, the online hangout for millions of young people…… On December 8 they shut down MasterCard for 37 hours, Visa down for 12 hours, after they shut off any donations to WikiLeaks. • Anonymous—the loosely affiliated organization of hackers whom the media has variously called “domestic terrorists,” “an Internet hate machine,” and “the dark heart of the Web”… They shut down the sites of a Swiss bank, Senator Joe Lieberman (after he prodded Amazon to kick WikiLeaks off its system), and the Swedish prosecutor investigating Assange’s alleged sex crimes. • Anonymous also worked on taking down the Web sites of the Governments of Tunisia, Iran, and Egypt.

49. How Anonymous did it? • Spreading the word to other computer geeks to activate a loic, or “low-orbit ion cannon,” which sounds like some sort of Star Wars fantasy but in reality is merely a piece of software that, once downloaded, allows Anonymous to take over control of your computer. • The computer is then turned into a volunteer zombie, making requests for access to Web sites, like MasterCard.com, that can’t handle the amount of incoming traffic and consequently get knocked offline (that’s called a DDoS attack, a distributed denial of service).

50. Hacking High Profile Accounts • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) during June, 2010 was probing an attempt to access its data and some security experts suspect a nation state. • Google revealed it has discovered sophisticated attacks on hundreds of users of its email service, Gmail, aimed at stealing their passwords and monitoring their email. The Google intrusion was traced back to China and the hundreds of users targeted included officials from the US departments of State and Defence as well as the US Defence Intelligence Agency. • A rising number of major companies -- including Sony, Lockheed Martin and Citigroup have also suffered high-profile hacking attempts. • Some have been tentatively traced to China. Others appear linked to western antiestablishment hackers such as Anonymous. • Chinese officials also says they are also victims of hacking.