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North Africa

Explore the diverse natural environments, rich history, and vibrant culture of North Africa. Discover landform regions, factors influencing climates, abundant natural resources, settlements, rulers, languages, religions, economic activities, major cities, challenges faced, and current political and environmental issues in the region.

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North Africa

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  1. North Africa Preview Section 1:Natural Environments Section 2:History and Culture Section 3:The Region Today Chapter Wrap-Up

  2. Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover • What landform regions are found in North Africa? • What factors influence the region’s climates? • What natural resources does the region have?

  3. Section 1: Natural Environments Landforms and Rivers • Coastal plains along Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean • Atlas Mountains parallel to the coast • The Sahara—Ergs (sand areas), regs (gravel plains), depressions (quicksand, salt marshes, dry lakebeds), wadis (dry streambeds) • Nile River

  4. Section 1: Natural Environments Question What factors affect the climate of North Africa?

  5. Factors Affecting North African Climate Section 1: Natural Environments Effects Causes • Atlas Mountains • Rain shadow • Harmattan • Arid climate • Subtropical high-pressure system • Sandstorms • Mediterranean climate • Coastline

  6. Section 1: Natural Environments Climate Factors • Coastal Zone—Mediterranean climate, with warm dry summers and mild rainy winters • Sub-tropical high pressure keeps region dry • Rain shadow caused by Atlas Mountains contributes to dryness • Hot dry wind (harmattan) sweeps south across Sahara causing violent sandstorms

  7. Section 1: Natural Environments • Oil and natural gas—Especially in Libya • Minerals—Iron ore, lead, phosphates, zinc • Fishing off Moroccan coast • Water from irrigation and oases—Produces grapes, olives, dates, grains, vegetables • Nile Delta—Rich farmland, cotton and rice Natural Resources

  8. Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover • What peoples have settled in and ruled North Africa? • What are the people and culture of the region like today?

  9. Section 2: History and Culture • Egyptian civilization arose along the Nile around 3000 B.C. • Phoenicians established trade colonies like Carthage by 800 B.C. • Alexander the Great founded Alexandria in 332 B.C. • Roman Empire controlled the area after 146 B.C. • Vandals set up a kingdom in Libya in the A.D. 400s. Settlers and Rulers

  10. Section 2: History and Culture • The Byzantine Empire claimed North Africa in A.D. 500s. • Arab Muslims conquered the region in 600s. • Ottoman Turks ruled from 1500s to late 1800s. • Europeans came in 1800s—French, Spanish, Italians, British. • Independence came after World War II. Settlers and Rulers (continued)

  11. Section 2: History and Culture Question What languages, religions, peoples, and types of clothing are found in North Africa?

  12. Peoples Mostly Arab and Arab-Berber, some Bedouins Religions Mostly Muslim, some Christians and Jews North African Culture Languages Mostly Arabic, also Berber, French, Italian, English Clothing Caftans, hooded robes, gallibiya, women mostly covered Section 2: History and Culture

  13. Section 3: The Region Today Read to Discover • What are the economies and cities of North Africa like? • What challenges do the people there face?

  14. Section 3: The Region Today Economic Activities • Issues typical of developing countries—Government spending, inflation, trade • Oil and natural gas—Key in several countries • Agriculture also important • Tourism—Especially important in Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia • Unemployment causes migration

  15. Section 3: The Region Today • Largest cities are Casablanca and the capitals: Cairo, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Rabat • Mix of modern and traditional architecture • Becoming crowded with population growth and migration from rural areas • Older cores surrounded by rings of crowded slums • Lack of housing; people living in tents, boats, tombs Cities

  16. Section 3: The Region Today Question What political and environmental issues currently exist in North Africa?

  17. Issues in North Africa Section 3: The Region Today Environmental Desertification Pollution from oil refining Polluted water supplies Fertilizer pollution in the Nile Nile Delta shrinking Political Political unrest Clashes between government and religious groups Civil war in Algeria Clashes between Libyan government and United States

  18. Chapter Wrap-UpUnderstanding the Main Ideas • How have wind and water shaped important physical features of the Sahara? • Why are plants and animals in Egypt limited mostly to areas along the Nile Valley and Delta? • Which ethnic group makes up the majority of North Africa’s population? When did this ethnic group first move into North Africa? • What is the main religion of North Africa? What are two minority religions there? • Why have many people in the region left to find work elsewhere? What has made the problem worse?

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