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Introduction to Analogies

Introduction to Analogies. “Genius is the capacity to see 10 things where the ordinary man sees one.” – Erza Pound. What is an analogy?. An analogy is a type of word problem that consists of two word pairs. To solve the analogy you must find a word that correctly completes the second pair.

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Introduction to Analogies

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  1. Introduction to Analogies “Genius is the capacity to see 10 things where the ordinary man sees one.” – Erza Pound

  2. What is an analogy? • An analogy is a type of word problem that consists of two word pairs. • To solve the analogy you must find a word that correctly completes the second pair. • At first glance, the words in an analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each other, but the words are always logically related. • The first pair of words has a relationship similar to the second pair of words. • To solve the analogy, you need to figure out that relationship. • There are different relationship patterns.

  3. Analogy Example Example: GRACEFUL : CLUMSY :: HOT : _______ • Read the analogy like this: Graceful is to clumsy as hot is to ‘blank.’ • Then ask yourself: What's the relationship between graceful and clumsy? These words have opposite meanings – they are antonyms – so the second pair of words must also be antonyms. • Fill in the blank with a word that means the opposite of hot, and you’ve solved the analogy. The best answer is COLD.

  4. Relationship #1: Synonyms • Two words that mean the same thing. • Unhappy: sad • Detective: inspector :: teacher: _____ • (professor, student, child) • Incognito: disguised :: foolish:_____ • (smart, funny, senseless) • Clue: hint :: cup: ___ • (mug, saucer, drink)

  5. Relationship #2: Antonyms • Two words that have opposite meanings. • In: out • Begin: end:: open:_____ (reach, unlock, close) • Intelligence: stupidity:: beautiful:_____ (glamorous, ugly, pretty) • Chaos: order:: courage:___ (strictness, rule, cowardice)

  6. Relationship #3: Part/Whole • The first word in each pair names a part of what the second word names. • Article: newspaper :: chapter: book • An article is a part of a newspaper. A chapter is a part of a book. • Fork: tine :: piano: ___ (tune, note, pedal) • Nose: face :: elbow: ___(arm, wrist, knee) • Tires: ambulance :: knob: ___ (horn, door, typewriter)

  7. Relationship #4: Category • Show a relationship between a category and something that resides within that category. • Insect: bumblebee :: nervous system: brain • An insect is the category under which a bumblebee falls. The nervous system is the category that contains the brain. • These can follow three rules: • Main and Sub categories- fruit: apple :: utensil: fork • Sub and Main categories- Maple: tree :: rose: flower • Similar categories- potato: carrot :: Doberman: Collie

  8. Category Examples • Insect: mosquito :: dog: ___ (cat, bone, collie) • Bird: parrot :: vermin : ___ (poison, animal, mouse) • Color: red :: candy: ___ (sweet, chocolate, wrapper)

  9. Tip #1 • Make sure you are considering the words in terms of their definition. Don’t add extra “baggage” to the question. • Example: Monster : scary • By DEFINITION a monster is scary. Do not think to yourself, “Well, not every monster is scary.” Just consider the definitions of words and the relationships between them.

  10. Tip #2 • Many of the analogy questions can be answered without the knowledge of the words. • Example: Word 1: Word 2 • Up: down (antonyms) • Cold: hot (antonyms) • Register: cash (degree) • Polite: rude (antonyms) • Friendly: hostile (antonyms

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