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Group IV Elements

42. Group IV Elements. 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements 42.3 Composition of Chlorides and Oxides of the Group IV Elements 42.4 Silicon and Silicates. 42.1. Introduction. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106). Introduction. The Group IV elements

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Group IV Elements

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  1. 42 Group IV Elements 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements 42.3 Composition of Chlorides and Oxides of the Group IV Elements 42.4 Silicon and Silicates

  2. 42.1 Introduction

  3. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • The Group IV elements •  reveals a marked change among the elements •  exhibit considerable change in character (or dissimilarity)

  4. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • The Group IV elements •  carbon •  silicon •  germanium •  tin •  lead

  5. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • Carbon • dull black in the form of graphite

  6. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Appearances of the Group IV elements at room temperature and pressure: carbon (graphite)

  7. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • Carbon •  hard and transparent in the form of diamond

  8. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Appearances of the Group IV elements at room temperature and pressure: carbon (diamond)

  9. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • Silicon and germanium • dull grey or black

  10. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Appearances of the Group IV elements at room temperature and pressure: silicon

  11. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Appearances of the Group IV elements at room temperature and pressure: germanium

  12. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • Tin and lead • shiny grey

  13. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Appearances of the Group IV elements at room temperature and pressure: tin

  14. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Appearances of the Group IV elements at room temperature and pressure: lead

  15. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.106) Introduction • The Group IV elements • outermost shell electronic configuration of ns2np2

  16. 42.1 Introduction (SB p.107) Electronic configurations of the Group IV elements

  17. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) Structure and Bonding • Moving down the group • change from non-metal to metal

  18. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) Structure and Bonding • Carbon • non-metal

  19. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) Structure and Bonding • Silicon and germanium • metalloids

  20. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) Structure and Bonding • Tin and lead • typical metals

  21. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) Structure and Bonding • The most common structure in Group IV elements • giant covalent structure

  22. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) Structure and Bonding • Example of giant covalent structure •  carbon •  silicon •  germanium •  grey tin (an allotrope of tin)

  23. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) 1. Carbon • Carbon •  two important allotropic forms • diamond and graphite

  24. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) 1. Carbon • Diamond • extended covalently-bonded structure • each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms

  25. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) 1. Carbon • This compact and rigid arrangement of carbon atoms • extremely hard and chemically inert

  26. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) Structures of the two allotropic forms of carbon: diamond

  27. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) 1. Carbon • Graphite • layered structure • layers of covalently-bonded carbon atoms are held together by weak van der Waals’ forces

  28. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.107) 1. Carbon • These layers slide over each other easily • brittle and soft

  29. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) Structures of the two allotropic forms of carbon: graphite

  30. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) 2. Silicon and Germanium • Silicon and germanium • network lattice • the atoms are covalently bonded to one another

  31. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) 3. Tin and Lead • Tin • two allotropes • white tin and grey tin

  32. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) 3. Tin and Lead • White tin • stable form • metallic lattice structure • atoms are held together by metallic bonding

  33. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) 3. Tin and Lead • White tin • conducts electricity • shows the properties of a typical metal

  34. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) 3. Tin and Lead • Grey tin • network lattice structure • similar to that of diamond

  35. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) 3. Tin and Lead • Lead • typical metallic lattice • atoms are held together by metallic bonding

  36. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) Some physical properties of the Group IV elements

  37. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.108) Some physical properties of the Group IV elements

  38. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point The variation in melting point of the Group IV elements

  39. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point • The melting points • general decrease on going down the group

  40. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point • The very high melting point of diamond • the great amount of energy needed to break the strong C – C single bonds

  41. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point • Going from carbon to germanium • the bond lengths increase • the bond strengths decrease • the lower melting points

  42. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point • A further and bigger fall to tin • a slight rise to lead

  43. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point • Tin and lead • metallic structures • no need to break strong metallic bonds to bring about melting

  44. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.109) Variation in Melting Point • Tin and lead • only two of the four valence electrons are delocalized to form metallic bonds • unusually low melting points

  45. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.110) Variation in Boiling Point Variation in boiling point of the Group IV elements

  46. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.110) Variation in Boiling Point • The general trend and explanation • similar to those for melting point

  47. 42.2 Characteristic Properties of the Group IV Elements (SB p.110) Variation in Boiling Point • Germanium • abnormally high boiling point •  changes to partial metallic structure in the liquid state •  four valence electrons participate in the formation of metallic bonds

  48. 42.3 Composition of Chlorides and Oxides of the Group IV Elements characteristic (SB p.110) Chlorides • Two series of chlorides formed by the Group IV elements • the dichlorides (MCl2) • the tetrachlorides (MCl4)

  49. 42.3 Composition of Chlorides and Oxides of the Group IV Elements characteristic (SB p.110) Chlorides • The Group IV elements • show a trend of dissimilarity

  50. 42.3 Composition of Chlorides and Oxides of the Group IV Elements characteristic (SB p.110) Chlorides • Going down the group • an increasing tendency to form dichlorides

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