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Nervous system

Nervous system. Emma Dzialo Julia Gambardella Nina Poloukhine Morgan Salerno. Nervous System overview video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjyI4CmBOA0&safe=active. overview. The nervous system is a network of nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body.

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Nervous system

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  1. Nervous system Emma Dzialo Julia Gambardella Nina Poloukhine Morgan Salerno

  2. Nervous System overview video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjyI4CmBOA0&safe=active

  3. overview • The nervous system is a network of nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body. • 2 main types of nervous systems • Central(CNS)- brain and spinal cord • Peripheral(PNS)- nervous of brain and spine • Somatic- controls voluntary activity (ie. Activation of muscles) • Autonomic- controls involuntary activity (ie. Heart contraction and homeostasis)

  4. Terms to know • Neuroglia- support, insulate and protect neurons • Neurons- send electrical messages throughout body • Synapse- point of contact between neurons • Stimuli- Changes that effect nervous system • Neurotransmitters- chemicals that stimulate neurons, muscles or glands

  5. Terms Cont. Neuron • Dendrite(s)- sends neurotransmitters toward body • Axon(s)- sends neurotransmitters away from body • Soma(Cell Body)- location of nucleolus in a neuron • End Terminal- a.k.a where Synapse occur

  6. myelin • Surrounds the axon • essential for proper functioning of the nervous system • Effect of a damaged myelin is Multiple Sclerosis

  7. Now Gather Activity Materials

  8. Neuron Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-NgGKSNiNw

  9. Steps of how Neurons communicate • Neurotransmitters are released from pre-synaptic cell’s vesicle and travel down axon. • The chemicals are released out of the neuron’s terminal end and into the synapse. • The dendrites of post-synaptic neuron take the neurotransmitter molecules through receptor binding. • The excess chemicals in the synapse are taken back by the pre-synaptic neuron through the re-uptake inhibitor.

  10. Central nervous system • FX: takes in sensory information and responds accordingly • Made up of brain and spinal cord • Spinal Cord- responsible for transporting information (protected by vertebral column) • Brain- consciously and unconsciously coordinates bodily function in response to information it has received (protected by cranium)

  11. CNS TERMS • Tract- bundle of nerve processes in CNS • Efferent Neuron- conducts impulses to muscle and glands (away from CNS) • Afferent Neuron- conducts impulses toward CNS from the body • Ganglia- collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

  12. Types of tissue in cns • Grey matter- areas dominated with cell bodies, dendrites and synapses • FX: to process and generate signals • White matter- areas dominated by axons • Connects different areas of grey matter in brain and spinal cord • FX: transmit nerve signals

  13. Types of Cells in cns • Neurons- responsible for sending and receiving nerve impulses • Glial cells- non neuronal cells which provide support, nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and facilitate signal transmission • glial cells outnumber neurons in the brain 50:1

  14. The Brain • Controls functions of all organs in the body, thoughts, memory, speech, movement, stress responses, etc.

  15. Meninges • Three layers of tissue to cover and protect the brain and spinal cord • Dura Mater • Arachnoid • Pia Mater

  16. Limbic System • Hypothalamus- contains nerve connections to pituitary gland • Controls: eating, sexual behavior, regluates sleeping, body temp, emotions • Thalamus- pain sensation, attention, and alertness • Amygdala-controls feelings of fear and aggressive behavior • Hippocampus- ability to remember new information

  17. Pituitary Gland • Gland located behind the nose • Controls secretion of hormones which regulates: • growth/development • FX: various body organs • kidneys, ovaries, testicles, ect. • FX: other glands • thyroid, gonads, adrenal glands

  18. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Produced in ventricles (hollow channels) of brain • Clear, watery substance that helps to cushion the brain and spinal cord from injury • Circulates through channels of the brain and spinal cord

  19. Brain Lobes • Frontal Lobe- largest of four lobes found in the front of the brain • controls voluntary movements: speech, intellectual and behavioral functions, concentration, temper and personality • Occipital Lobe- found in the back brain • receives and processes images, depth perception, colors and shapes

  20. Brain Lobes (cont.) • Parietal Lobe- top of brain • a person’s memory and sensory info is received, vision, hearing, and meaning is given to objects • Temporal Lobes- found behind the left and right ears • Right temporal lobe responsible for visual memory, recognizing faces and objects • Left temporal lobe responsible for verbal memory, remembering and understanding language, interprets emotions and reactions

  21. Cerebrum and cerebellum • Cerebrum- made up of grey matter and is responsible for communication between different parts of the brain • Cerebellum- located at the back of the brain • controls fine tunes in motor movements, maintains posture, senses of balance and equilibrium

  22. Brainstem • Lower extension of brain(attaches the brain to spinal cord) • Three parts of brainstem: • Midbrain- center for ocular motion • Pons- involved in coordinating eye and facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, balance • Medulla Oblongata- controls breathing, blood pressure, heart rhythms, and swallowing

  23. Cranial Nerves • Olfactory- smell • Optic- visual fields; ability to see • Oculomotor- eye movements, eyelid openings • Trochlear- eye movements • Trigeminal- facial sensations • Abducens- eye movements

  24. Cranial Nerves Cont. • Facial- eyelid closing, facial expression, taste sensation • Auditory- hearing, sense of balance • Glossopharyngeal- taste sensation and swallowing • Vagus- swallowing and taste sensation • Accessory- controls neck and shoulder movements • Hypoglossal- tongue movement

  25. Spinal Cord • “highway to the brain” • Length (average): • Men: 45 cm • Women: 43 cm • Sensory nerves detect touch and send the nerve impulses to spinal cord then to brain

  26. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  27. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Part of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord • Made up of nerve fibers that travel to different parts of body • FX: communicator between CNS (brain and spinal cord) to rest of the body

  28. 2 Parts of PNS • Somatic- controls skeletal muscles and external sensory organs (skin) • Voluntary (can be consciously controlled) • Autonomic- controls involuntary muscles (smooth and cardiac muscles) • Parasympathetic- controls activity that increase energy (ex. Constricting pupils, contracting bladder) • Sympathetic- controls activity that conserve energy (ex. Speed of heart rate, dilating pupils, relaxing bladder)

  29. Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic

  30. Cns Diseases & Disorders • Meningitis: inflammation of the covering od brain and spinal cord • Causes: headaches and neck stiffness • Deadly if not treated • Epilepsy: abnormal electrical impulses in the brain • Can result in seizures • Paralysis: caused by damage to spinal cord

  31. pnsDiseases & Disorders • Carpal tunnel syndrome: caused from excessive pressure on median nerve (in wrist) • Causes numbness, tingling and muscle damage in hands • Common from typing on a computer • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progressive degeneration of motor neurons • Causes progressive weakness of limbs, facial and respiratory muscles

  32. Work Cited • http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html • http://quizlet.com/36375426/the-nervous-system-flash-cards/ • https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/spinal.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin • http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html • http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html • http://learnzoology.wordpress.com/tag/neuron-tissue/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948687-overview • https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html • http://www.webmd.com/brain/default.htm?names-dropdown= • http://uhealthsystem.com/health-library/neuro/disorder • http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm • http://www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html • http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/nervssys/unit10/division.htm

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