America's Agrarian Republic: From Coast to Coast, 1790-1824

1. Out of Many Chapter 9 An Agrarian Republic1790 - 1824

2. North American Communities from Coast to Coast

3. The Former American Colonies • Two-thirds of Americans lived in a long thin line of settlement w/in 50 miles of the coast • Never travelled far from home • From 1790-1800, the population grew by 1.4 million people • In 1800, few people would have guessed that the nation would eventually encompass the entire continent

4. Spanish Colonies • Tensions mounted between peninsulares & criollos • Peninsulares = Spanish-born • Criollos = native born • Spanish established a chain of 21 missions in a last effort to protect Mexico • American traders were making inroads on Spanish-held territory along the MS River • Americans knew that whoever had control over New Orleans had the power to choke off the flourishing trade in the MS Valley river system

5. Haiti & the Caribbean • The Caribbean islands provided 80-90% of the European supply of sugar • All plantations used slave labor • 1791, revolt in French colony Saint-Dominique • Led by Toussaint L’ Ouverture • Involved sugar plantation slaves • Renamed the country Haiti • Became the America’s firstindependent black nation • Struck fear into the hearts ofwhite slave owners • Became a beacon of hope forblacks

7. British North America • British authorities discouraged American immigrants from settling among the French citizens in Quebec • British kept the legislatures under strong executive control • Dominated the continental fur trade

8. Russian America • Occupied what is now Alaska • The Russian-American Company, chartered by the tsar in 1799, set up American trading headquarters in Kodiak • The Russian presence in North America was rapidly expanding • Far from the minds of the Americans as they focused more on the British to the North of them & in the Caribbean

9. Trans-Appalachia: Cincinnati • By 1800, about 500,000 people had found rich & fertile land along the OH River system • Created enough population for the creation of two new states • Kentucky (1792) • Tennessee (1796) • Cincinnati, founded in 1788, began life as a military fort • In 1800, only 750 people lived there. 10 years later, it had tripled in size • “the Queen City of the West”

10. Atlantic Ports: From Charleston to Boston • Atlantic ports continued to dominate the nation economically & politically • Benefited from the advantage of relatively quick trade & communication • Charleston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, & Boston - most important urban centers • Though small in population,these cities led the nationsocially, politically, &economically

11. A National Economy

12. Cotton & the Economyof the Young Republic • In 1800, the US was predominantly rural & agricultural • 94% of Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2,500 people • Crops were grown for home use rather than for sale • Demand for cotton was growing rapidly • response to the boom in the industrial production of textiles in England • Downside: extracting seeds form the fibers of cotton required an enormous investment of labor • 1793, the cotton gin was invented

13. Shipping & the Economic Boom • French Revolution initiated renewed period of warfare between France & Britain • American merchantswanted to supply both sides • Would have to use neutralAmerican ships • Expansion of trade led todevelopment of shipbuilding industry & growth of coastal cities

14. The Jefferson Presidency

15. ELECTION OF 1800 • Jefferson & Burr – Republican P & VP • Adams & Pinckney – Federalist P & VP • Jefferson & Burr each get 73 votes • Election thrown into House of Reps – each state gets one vote (16 states) • 35 ballot deadlock • Finally, HAMILTON convinces NY to change vote • 12th Amendment will change electoral college – P & VP now voted for separately

16. JEFFERSON, Third President • Will serve two terms; Republican; VA • Hates crowds and making speeches • Multi-talented: • Agriculturalist, Author, Architect, Attorney, Linguist, Educator, Inventor • Probably the most intelligent President of U.S.

17. Jefferson’s Inaugural Address & Approach to Office: • Principles espoused in inaugural address: • Majority rule with minority rights • Equal rights for all people • Source of gov’ts power is the people • Against entangling alliances • Promises to preserve gov’ts credit/pay off debts • Promises to stimulate commerce as well as agriculture • Stresses need to deemphasize party politics – “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” • Becomes a MODERATE • Did cut taxes (like Whiskey tax) • Naturalization Act – 5 yrs. Reestablished • Did NOT try to alter balance of fed & state power but did have fundamental belief in strong states’ and individual rights • Reduced size of military & eliminated federal jobs • New tone: played down ceremonial aspects of presidency

18. Jefferson & the Courts • Fundamental belief that courts consistentlyoverstepped their bounds in decisions • “throwing an anchor ahead” • Angered that Federalists had appointed the “midnight judges” • Chief Justice – John Marshall; the cousin he hated • Judiciary Act of 1801 – appointing of “midnight judges” • Marbury v. Madison • Marbury sues Madison for delivery of his commission as a justice of peace • Marshall ruled against Marbury • Established principle of “JUDICIAL REVIEW” • Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress (& P) and determine whether they are constitutional • Jefferson furious; seeks impeachment of Chase

19. Louisiana Purchase • SP-FR transfer in 1800 in a secrettreaty • Right of deposit revoked 1802 • Problem of a French Louisiana? • Fear that so long as a foreign powerthe river @ New Orleans, the US riskedentanglement in European affairs • James Monroe & Robert Livingston sent to FR in 1803 to seek purchase of New Orleans ($10M) • If negotiations failed, instructed to seek an AM/BR alliance • Napoleon's reason for selling: • Santo Domingo defeat –doesn’t need LA as breadbasket • About to go to war with Britain • Hamilton also instrumental-Napoleon paid in U.S. bonds • Terms: $15M for entire area of 828,000 sq. mi. • Reps went beyond their powers of authority & accepted offer • Jefferson troubled by constitutionality of the purchase • Justified the purchase on basis that it was part of P’s implied powers to protect the nation • Stated that it could be applied to the President’s powers to make treaties

20. Effects of Louisiana Purchase • Doubled the size of the US • Removed a foreign presence from the nation’s borders • Guaranteed the extension of the western frontier to lands beyond the MS river • Strengthened Jefferson’s hopes that the country’s future would be based on an agrarian society rather than an urban & industrial one • Composed of or pertaining to farmers; rural; agricultural • Increase Jefferson’s popularity

22. LEWIS & CLARKEXPEDITION, 1804-1806 • Even before the LA purchase, Jefferson had persuaded Congress to fund a scientific exploration of the MS West • Accomplished all objectives: • TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER • FIND A USABLE ROUTE ACROSS THE ROCKY MTNS. TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN • OBSERVE INDIAN CUSTOMS, FEATURES OF THE LAND, WEATHER, PLANTS & ANIMALS • Guide/Interpreter: • Sacagawea – “Bird Woman” • Shoshone Indian, married to a French-Canadian trapper • York – black slave – hunting, fishing skills • 48 men on the expedition

23. Benefits of Expedition • Increased geographic & scientific knowledge of previously unexplored country • Strengthened US claims to the Oregon Territory • Improved relations with Native American tribes • Developed maps &land routes for furtrappers & futuresettlers

25. Jefferson’s Reelection • In 1804, Jefferson was reelected by an overwhelming majority • Received all but 14 of the 176 electoral votes • Burr wasn’t elected as VP • Instead, George Clinton was elected • Second term would be marked by growing difficulties • Plots of VP Burr • Opposition from a faction of his party which accused him of abandoning Republican principles • Foreign troubles from the Napoleonic wars in Europe

26. Aaron Burr – Vice President • A Republican caucus in 1804 decided not to nominate Burr for a second term as VP • Burr then embarked on a series of ventures that included trying to break up the Union & the death of Hamilton • Federalist Conspiracy • Secretly formed a political pact w/ some radical New England Federalists, Burr planned on winning race for NY governor • Would then unite NY with New England states & secede from the nation • Defeated in the NY election • Trial for Treason • By 1806, Burr’s interests turned westward • Made a plan to take Mexico from SP & unite it w/ LA under his rule • Jefferson ordered Burr’s arrest & trial for treason • Acquitted – lack of witness

27. BURR vs. HAMILTON • Burr leaves Vice Presidency & runs for Gov. of NY • Hamilton works against him & keeps him from winning; also exposes Burr’s NE conspiracy (Essex Junto) • Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel • NJ, July -1804 • Hamilton fires to miss; Burr fires to kill • Hamilton mortally wounded; dies bankrupt; Federalists leaderless • Burr’s career over; he & LA Gov. plot to take over Mexico; arrested & tried for treason – acquitted; flees to Europe • Video Clip

28. Difficulties Abroad • As a matter of policy & principle, Jefferson tried to avoid war w/ a foreign power • Fought to maintain US neutrality in the face of increasing provocation from both BR & FR during the Napoleonic wars • Barbary Pirates • First major challenge to Jefferson’s foreign policies • Previously, Washington & Adams paid tribute to the pirates to prevent them seizing US ships • They demanded a higher tribute once Jefferson took office • Jefferson sent a small fleet of vessels to the Mediterranean • Sporadic fighting happened over 4 years • Not a victory, but the US gained some respect

29. Difficulties Abroad • Challenges to US Neutrality • The Napoleonic wars continued todominate the politics of Europe • To a lesser extent, they were impacting the commercial economy of the US • Both FR & BR were attempting naval blockades of enemy ports • Regularly seizing the ships of neutral nations & confiscating their cargoes • Chief offender from the US point of view was BR • Most infuriating was BR capturing US sailors & impressing (forcing) them to serve in the British navy • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair • 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the US warship Chesapeake miles off the VA coast • 3 Americans were killed & 4 others taken captive • Many Americans demanded war – Jefferson referred to diplomacy & economic pressure instead

30. EMBARGO ACT of 1807 • Americans are clamoring for war; Jefferson responds instead with the EMBARGO ACT. • wanted to keep US ships off seas & safe from BR & FR • Hoped that BR would stop violating the rights of neutral ships rather than stop trade • Economic sanction against the BR & FR • Outlawed all trade with foreign countries • No US ships could leave country to trade • Doesn’t really hurt BR or FR • BR substituted w/ supplies from S. America • Has disastrous effects for US • Goods rotting on the docks • Smuggling increases • Got so bad, New England states threatened to secede from the union • Will be repealed during Jefferson’s last week in office; Non-Intercourse Act substituted (reopened trade with all except BR & FR) • Macon’s Bill No.2, 1810 • Nathaniel Macon, congressman, introduced a bill that restored trade w/ BR & FR • Would only do so though if they ceased their hostile treatment of neutral US ships

32. Jefferson’s miscalculations: • Extent of European dependence on American trade • Unpopularity of act & difficulty of enforcing it in America • One positive effect: Manufacturing renewed in New England • Published in 1808 in protest of the Jeffersonian Embargo Act of 1807 • Depicts a snapping turtle, jaws lock fiercely to an American trader • Trader is attempting to carry a barrel of goods onto a British ship • Trader curses the “Ograbme” or “embargo” spelled backwards

33. Jefferson wants to be remembered as: The Founder Of the University of Virginia & the Author of the Declaration of Independence NOT as President Monticello

34. JAMESMADISON4TH President • Two Terms, Republican, VA • Had served as Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Jefferson’s hand-picked successor for President • Shortest President: 5’4” & less than 100 pounds • Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810 • Commerce restored with all • BUT violation of neutral commerce would require reapplication of Non-Intercourse Act

35. Shawnee Indian; excellent leader and warrior Formed a Confederation of Indians in trans-Appalachian region Brother, Tenskwatawa – the “Prophet” – a fanatic who is on moral crusade for Indians to give up white culture & reclaim their own While Tecumseh is away, his forces defeated by William Henry Harrison at Battle of Tippecanoe End of his Indian confederation by 1811 Westerners claimed that the confederation was actually a BR scheme & cried for war against BR Tecumseh joins BR & dies fighting with them in War of 1812 TECUMSEH & THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

36. STOP PART 1

37. War Hawks • A congressional election in 1810 had brought a group of new, young Republicans to Congress • Many from the frontier states of KY, TN, & OH • Henry Clay (KY) & Jay Calhoun (SC) • Quickly gained a significant influence in the House of Representatives • Eager for war with Britain • Gained the nickname “War Hawks” • Argued that war would allow the US to: • Defend their honor • Gain Canada • Destroy Native American resistance on the frontier

38. The War of 1812“Mr. Madison’s War” or “The Second War for Independence” • US declares war against British • Impressments • BR interference with US trade &neutrality rights • BR inciting of Indians (Westerners) • Land fever (FL, Canada) • Objections to War (Federalists/NE): • Economic reasons – would be worse than Orders in Council • Realism – foolish to take on strongest Navy in word • Real threat is Napoleon – aiding him if we go to war with BR IRONY: The British gov’t by this time (June 1812) had agreed to suspend its naval blockade. News of its decision reached the White House after Congress had declared war.

39. A Divided Nation • Neither Congress nor Americans were united in their opinions of the war • South, West, PA, & VT provided the majority for war declaration • NY, NJ, & New England states voted against the war • Election of 1812 • Republican strength in the South/West overcame the Federalist opposition • Madison won reelection, defeating De Witt Clinton (NY)

40. Military Strategies, Defeats, & Naval Victories • Hope for victory relied on 2 things: • Napoleon’s continued success in Europe • A U.S. land campaign against Canada • Invasion of Canada • Initiated with a 3-part invasion • Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain • Easily repulsed by British • Burning of York (Toronto) only served to encourage retaliation by the British

41. Naval Victories • Naval Battles • U.S. navy had superior shipbuilding capabilities • US warship Constitution (nicknamed “Old Ironsides”) defeated & sunk a British ship off of the coast of Nova Scotia • Ship was built in Boston in 1797 & is still a US Navy ship and a living museum of naval history. • American Privateers – captured numerous British merchant ships

42. COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY & LAKE ERIE • Most important naval victory in the War • Summer 1813 • 28 year old captain • Battle lasted 3 long hours • Perry’s ship shot to pieces • Had to row to sister ship, Niagara, during heavy battle • Took charge of Niagra and defeated British • “We have met the enemy and they are ours!” • Instant hero • Prepared the way for General William Henry Harrison’s military victory at the Battle of Thames River (near Detroit) • British forced to retreat and to abandon their plan of invading NY & New England

43. British Strategy: • After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, concentrate entire forces on US • Attack from Chesapeake Bay • Washington, D.C. • Baltimore, MD • Attack at New Orleans

44. Military Engagements • Chesapeake Campaign • Spring 1814, the defeat of Napoleon in Europe enabled the British to increase their forces in N. America • That summer, British army marched through Washington & set fire to the White House, Capitol building, & other gov’t buildings • Fort McHenry • British tried to take the city of Baltimore • Fort McHenry held out after a night’s bombardment • Event immortalized by Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” • Southern Campaign • Troops commanded by General Andrew Jackson • March 1814, Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL) ended the power of the Creek Indians • Eliminated the Native American ally to the British • Opened new lands to white settlers • Battle of New Orleans • January 8, 1815 • Meaningless – fought 2 weeks after a treaty ending the war had been signed

45. Battle of New Orleans: Sheltered behind earthen parapet & cotton bales. Picked off 2000 BR soldiers as they advance in open.

46. The Treaty of Ghent • BY 1814, the British were weary of war • Fought Napoleon for 10+ years • Faced w/ the prospect of maintaining peace inEurope • Madison recognized that the US would beunable to win a decisive victory • American peace commissioners traveled toGhent, Belgium • On Christmas Eve, 1814 an agreement was reached which terms included • A halt to fighting • The return of all conquered territory to theprewar claimant • Recognition of the prewar boundary betweenCanada & the US • Ratified by the Senate in 1815 • Said nothing about the grievances that led to war • Impressments, blockades, & other maritime differences • War ended in a stalemate with no gain for either side

47. HARTFORD CONVENTION • NE Federalists – Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815 • To protest war & plan convention of states to revise Constitution • Primary concern – continuation of trade w/BR • Radicals – seeking secession; minority • Proposed Constitutional amendments: • Repeal 3/5 compromise • Require 2/3 vote of Congress for war & new states • Reduce Congress’ power to restrict trade • Limit P’s to 1 term • Totally discredited by Treaty – why?

48. The War’s Legacy • Achieved none of its original aims • US gained the respect of other nations • US came to accept Canada as a neighbor • Widely denounced talks of secession • Federalist party came to an end as a nat’l force • Talk of nullification & secession sets a precedent for later • Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land to white settlement • More US factories were built & Americans took a big step toward industrial self-sufficiency • War heroes (Jackson & Harrison) would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders • Strong feelings of American nationalism grew as well as a belief that the future of the US lay in the West & away from Europe

49. Defining the Boundaries • Westward Surge • By 1820, 25% of the population lived west of the Appalachians • Group settlement was common • Lure of new land pulled farmers west • Land Act of 1820 • $1.25/acre, min. 80 acre purchase, $100 down payment • Most liberal land law, but still favored speculators

50. James Monroe, #5 • Two terms, Republican, from VA • Of the first 5 presidents, 4 were from VA • Whose the exception? • John Adams - Massachusetts • Fought at Battle of Trenton with Washington (Monroe was 18) • Served as Jefferson’s minister to Britain & Madison’s secretary of state • Unopposed in 2nd term but not elected unanimously…. • One of 3 Presidents to die on a 4th of July • Cabinet: • John Quincy Adams, son of former Pres.Adams – Sec State • John C. Calhoun, War Hawk – Sec War