Chapter 8 Securing the Republic, 1790–1815

1. Chapter 8Securing the Republic, 1790–1815

2. Hamilton’s Program • To establish the government’s creditworthiness, Hamilton proposed that it pay off at full face value all national and state debts from the Revolution. He wanted to create a new national debt, issued as interest-bearing bonds to government creditors, that would tie wealthy investors to the national government. Politics in an Age of Passion

3. The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain • A compromise secured Hamilton’s fiscal program, minus subsidies for factories, in exchange for locating the nation’s capital between Virginia and Maryland. This became Washington, D.C. Politics in an Age of Passion

4. An Expanding Public Sphere • The partisanship of the 1790s expanded the public sphere and the democratic content of American freedom. It increased the number of citizens who attended political events and read newspapers. Ordinary men never before active in politics wrote pamphlets and organized political meetings. Politics in an Age of Passion

5. The Rights of Women Women were still not part of the body politic. Although women were counted in determining representation in Congress and nothing in the Constitution explicitly limited rights to men, the document and almost all Americans assumed that politics was an exclusively male sphere. Politics in an Age of Passion

6. The Haitian Revolution • Jeffersonians who celebrated the French Revolution as an advance for liberty were horrified by the slave revolt in 1791 in St. Domingue, France’s most treasured colonial possession, an island of sugar plantations . The slaves defeated British and French forces sent to suppress the rebellion, and they declared an independent nation in 1804. • The revolt affirmed the universal appeal of freedom in this age of revolutions, and fostered hopes of freedom among America’s slaves. The Adams Presidency

7. Judicial Review • The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist and Adams appointee, increased its power during Jefferson’s administration. In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Marshall Court established the right of the Supreme Count to determine whether an act of Congress violates the Constitution—the power known as “judicial review.” The Marshall Court also soon established the right of the nation’s highest court to determine the constitutionality of state laws. Jefferson in Power

8. Causes of the War of 1812 The War Begins The Effects of the War on America The War of 1812

9. The Presidency of James Madison • Elected in 1808 • Virginian lawyer and student of history • Wrote a large part of the U.S. Constitution • Stood barely 5’4” and 120 pounds but, an intellectual ahead of his time

10. Causes for the War of 1812 • The British Navy is taking American sailors from American ships to sail on British ships. This is called impressment. • British sailors leave British ships to sail on American ships because they are treated better and get paid very well

11. Causes for the War of 1812 • The British army is supporting Native American resistance to Anglo expansion on their land.

12. Causes for the War of 1812 • The United States has a desire to expand into more territory like British Canada • The real cause for this land grab is because of a poor transportation system and effects from the Embargo Act • Americans believe that seizing more land will end the depression

13. Causes for the War of 1812 • The United States wants to prove to Britain that the victory of the American Revolution was not luck. • Americans demand respect from the world.

14. Tecumseh and Indian Nationalism • Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief attempts to unify Indian tribes that have been removed from the Ohio River Valley • His brother, the Prophet preached that Indians should reject White ways and embrace their heritage • The brothers have a large following but their hopes are destroyed at the battle of fallen Timbers

15. American Shortcomings in The War of 1812 • The military is poorly trained and led • The U.S. navy is no match for the British navy • American forces attempt to seize Canada but are poorly led and militia forces • Americans are forced to fight a defensive war against an invading professional army

16. The Battle of Thames • October 5, 1813, British and Indian forces are defeated by American forces in Canada • Tecumseh’s death ends Indian resistance in the Ohio River Valley

17. The Death of Tecumseh

18. The British Burn the Capital • August 1814, the British Army invades the United States and marches on Washington D.C. • After a brief fight the city surrenders and nearly all government buildings are razed by fire • Madison rallies the American public after this defeat

19. “The Star Spangled Banner” • Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hours • In the morning he observed that the American flag still flew over the fort and writes a poem called “The Defence of Ft McHenry” it eventually becomes a song “The Star Spangled Banner” • Americans rally to the war effort after the capital is burnt down

20. “The Star Spangled Banner”

22. Things that make you go hmmm • The Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814 ends the War of 1812. The war is considered Staus quo ante bellum • The Hartford Convention, several New England states fear that the war is lost and actually talk about becoming another country

23. The Battle of New Orleans • The American forces are a multicultural motely band of experienced soldiers and warriors • The British, a trained army are virtually mauled by American forces hiding behind earthworks and cannons

24. The Battle of New Orleans • American forces at New Orleans are led by General Andrew Jackson whose army inflicts great casualties on the British army • Andrew Jackson will be associated with winning the war. People assume that this victory is responsible for ending the war.

25. A map of the Battle of New Orleans

26. The Battle of New Orleans

27. The Impact of the War of 1812 • A sense of nationalism sweeps America. Nationalism is a belief and sense of pride in one’s country based on it’s achievements. • The nation will embark on foreign trade and begin to build a transportation system in the United States. • Native American resistance will be removed from the Ohio River Valley permanently opening the Midwest for expansion.