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Genes are read and copied before use!

Explore how genes are read, copied into RNA, and determine cell functions. Learn how cells differentiate to form various organs. See the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins. Discover the impact of DNA spelling mistakes on protein chains.

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Genes are read and copied before use!

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  1. Genes are read and copied before use! The instructions that are needed by the cell are copied from the DNA into a similar molecule called RNA DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA: RiboNucleic Acid The nucleus READS the genes and sends INSTRUCTIONS in the form of RNA “messages” Nucleus Each gene is copied into RNA when it is needed by the cell

  2. What Kind of Stuff Are You Made Of? Nerve cells Muscle cells Cells: The fundamental unit of life The building blocks of bodiesWe are each made of 100 trillion cells! Red blood cells Cells lining the small intestine Fat cells Cells lining a tubule Cell types in the stomach http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html

  3. Different Cell Types Make Different Organs Nerve cells Muscle cells Each cell type does a different job They must not get “mixed up”! What makes these cells differentiate? What makes cells differentfrom each other? Red blood cells Gene Expression Cells lining the small intestine Fat cells Cells lining a tubule Cell types in the stomach http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html

  4. Flow of Genetic Information: DNA to RNA to Protein DNA (GENE) DNA is copied into RNA: DNA letters copied into RNA code. mRNA mRNA Messenger RNA AAAAAAAAAA The RNA code specifies the order of amino acid building blocks in the protein. The amino acid chain folds to make a functional 3D protein. PROTEINS

  5. Spelling Mistake The DNA “word” TTC is changed to TTT ATG TTT AGG CCA AAT TTT GTC GCG A DNA Spelling Mistake Can Alter the Protein Chain START ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD ADD STOP ATG TTC AGG CCA AAT TTT GTC GCG UAA GGA ATT • TTC to TTT spelling change causes a different protein building block to be inserted in the second position. That is all it takes.

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