Renaissance & Reformation

1. Renaissance & Reformation

3. Italian City-States • Renaissance means “Rebirth” • Italy was the center of the Roman Empire • Wealthy merchant class, who played a role in politics • Medici family • Wealthy banking family that were patrons to the arts • Controlled Florence

5. What Was The Renaissance • Time of creativity & change • People wanted a rebirth after the medieval ages • Humanism was at the heart of the ren. • Education focused more on poetry, history, grammar & rhetoric • Francesco Petrarch built a library of Greek & Roman manuscripts

6. Golden Age in the Arts • Humanists art portrays religious figures & well known people • Perspective technique • Women had a hard time becoming artists • Architecture changed from gothic to more Roman styles

10. Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art • Leonardo da Vinci • Inventor, painter • Dissected human corpses & sketched it • Michelangelo • Painter • Painted the Sistine Chapel • Raphael • Painter • School of Athens

18. Italian Renaissance Writers • Baldassare Castiglione • Writes the How To book, Book of the Courtier • Describes how to become a well-mannered, educated aristocrat • Niccolo Machiavelli • Writes The Prince • Urged rulers to use any means necessary to achieve power

19. Artists of the Northern Renaissance • Albrecht Durer • German Leonardo, brought ren. To Germany • Engraver

20. Northern Humanists • Desiderius Erasmus • Dutch Priest • Had the Bible translated into Greek& vernacular • Thomas More • Pressed social reform • Writes Utopia & describes a perfect society

21. Writers for a New Audience • William Shakespeare • English Poet & Playwright • Romeo & Juliet • Miguel de Cervantes • Spain • Don Quixote

22. Printing Revolution • Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press • Bible is mass produced

23. Abuses In The Church • Popes tried to rule everything • Fought for power against Nobles & Monarchs • Lavish Lifestyles • Sold indulgences to fund the church • Promised it would lessen the time spent in purgatory

24. Luther’s Protest • 1517 people are fed up with church corruption • Led by Martin Luther a German monk & professor of theology • Johann Tetzel selling indulgences in Wittenberg to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome • Claimed contributions would ensure salvation for you & your dead relatives • Luther nails 95 theses to the doors of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church

26. Luther vs. the Church • Luther’s arguments • Only be saved by faith • Pope has no control over the afterlife • Indulgences are not in the Bible • Church needs to be reformed • Catholic Church demands Luther recants or be excommunicated • Luther refuses & is excommunicated

27. Luther vs. the Church • Luther is summoned by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V • Asked to recant, refuses & is declared an outlaw • All writing are illegal • Aiding Luther is illegal • Hid in a castle in Wartburg for a year • Becomes a hero in Germany

28. Luther’s Teachings • Good deeds do not get you into heaven, faith alone • Bible is the sole source of religious truth not the clergy • Clergy does not have “special powers” everyone has access to God • Translates Bible to German • Rejected the sacraments of indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, & prayers to saints • Clergy can marry, mass focuses on sermon • Lutheran Church

29. Spread of Lutheran Ideas • Printing press help to spread Luther’s ideas • Protestant, “protest” papal authority • Many saw Luther’s ideas as a way to fix Church corruption • Some saw it as a way overthrow the Church & the Holy Roman Empire • National Loyalty in Germany

30. The Peasants’ Revolt • Peasants support Luther’s ideas in hope of his support for social & economic change • 1524 Peasants’ Revolt sweeps across Germany • Demanded end of serfdom • Luther denounces it & helps the nobles to suppress the rebellion • Tens of thousands killed

31. Peace of Augsburg • 1555 Treaty between Charles V & Lutheran princes • Allowed each prince to decide the religion of the land that they owned

32. John Calvin • Works with Ulrich Zwingli towards reforming the church • Born in France a priest & lawyer • Same ideas as Luther • Predestination • Calvin runs a theocracy in Geneva • Built a model community

33. Zwingli & Calvin

34. Calvinism Spreads • Reformers from Europe visited Geneva & were impressed • Dutch Reformed Church organized • Scottish Protestants overthrow their Catholic Queen

35. The English Reformation • Henry VIII went to the Pope to seek an annulment • Catherine of Aragon had not provided Henry VIII w/ an heir to the throne • Henry VIII went to the Pope for to annul his marriage & was denied • The Pope did want to offend Charles V Catherine’s cousin

36. The English Reformation • Henry was furious • Henry took control of the Church of England & the Pope lost all power in England • Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” • Any Catholic who refused to accept the Act were executed

37. The English Reformation • Henry gained many lands & money from corrupt convents & monasteries • Henry would die & his 10 year old son Edward VI became king • Edward’s advisors passed many Protestant laws • Edward died in his teens & Mary Tudor became queen • She wanted England to be Catholic & burned Protestants at the stake

38. The English Reformation • Queen Elizabeth comes to power • Elizabethan settlement passes several compromises between Catholics & Protestants • Church services kept Catholic traditions • Monarchy is still head of church • Accepted Protestant Doctrine

40. Catholic Reformation • Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the Catholic Church • Wanted to end church corruption • Council of Trent • Salvation comes through good works & faith • Bible not the only source of truth • Est. schools • Fined corrupt clergy

41. Catholic Reformation • Inquisition • Used secret testimony, torture, execution to stop heresy • Banned books

42. Widespread Persecution • Catholics & Protestants fought constantly • Witch Hunts would accuse people of being agents of the devil & would be burned at the stake • Jews were pushed out of many placed & migrated towards Poland

43. Changes in Views of the Universe • Nicolaus Copernicus proposes his heliocentric theory • Many reject it & Copernicus is shunned • Tycho Brahe & Johanes Kepler helped prove the heliocentric theory • Galileo builds a telescope & discovers the planets in orbit • The Catholic Church forces him to rebuke his finding for fear of death

44. New Scientific Method • Scientific Method is created • Scientists must now confirm their findings • No one can make a claim w/out proof

45. Isaac Newton • Isaac Newton discovers gravity • Newton’s Laws of Motion • Also developed calculus

46. Scientific Advances • Chemistry started to break away from alchemy • Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements & chemical compounds • Also explained the effect temperature had on pressure & gas

47. Scientific Advances • Andreas Vesalius published the 1st detailed book on human anatomy • Ambroise Pare develops a disinfectant & stitches • Anthony van Leeuwenhoek invents the 1st microscope