War and Revolution

1. War and Revolution 1814-1919

2. Causes of WWI • Nationalism • Extreme pride in one’s country • Desire to extend boundaries • Alliances • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia • Internal Dissent • Many countries were on the verge of revolution • Militarism • Massive build-up of militaries

3. The War Begins • Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne was assassinated when he visited Sarajevo • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • They were backed by Germany • Russia then mobilized to support Serbia

4. Conflict Broadens • Following Russian mobilization, Russia declared war on Germany • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a two-front war with France and Russia • Western & Eastern Front • Soon, Germany declared war on France • Great Britain came to the aide of her allies and declared war on Germany

5. Trench Warfare Dug in 1914 Hundreds of miles of trenches stretched across Europe Protected by barbed wire entanglements

6. War in the Air • Airplanes first appeared on the battlefront by the end of 1915 • Planes were first used to spot the enemy’s position • Later they were used to attack ground targets like communication lines • First pilots fired at each other with hand-held pistols

7. Entry of the United States • United States tried to remain neutral • The US entered the war because of… • Unrestricted submarine warfare • The sinking of the Lusitania • The Zimmerman Telegram • The Blockade

8. Armistice • November 3, 1918, sailors in the Northern Germany mutinied • Within a few days, German civilians took over public offices • On November 11, 1918, the new German government declared armistice, or an end to the fighting

9. Wilson’s Peace Proposal • Fourteen Points • Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace • The president believed in “Peace without victory” • Winners would not punish the losers • Points to Know • No secret treaties among nations • Freedom of the seas • Tariffs should be lowered or abolished (free trade) • Arms should be reduced • Colonial policies should consider the interests of colonial peoples • Creation of the League of Nations (similar to today’s United Nations) • The world loved Wilson’s plan but it was rejected by the US Senate • Many thought the League of Nations threatened our sovereignty • US returned to isolationism after the war

10. Paris Peace Conference • Met in early 1919 to try to determine a peace settlement • Most of the nations hoped to make Germany pay for the war • The Big Three(France, Germany, USA) also agreed to adopt Wilson’s plan for peace

11. Treaty of Versailles • Peace treaty to end WWI • Germany could not have an army • Germany had to pay reparations, or war damages to the Allies • Germany had to sign the War Guilt Clause • Took responsibility for starting the war

12. The Impact of the War • Increased Government Powers • Rationed food • Established wage controls • Established price controls • Manipulation of Public Opinion • Propaganda • Women • Took on the jobs that men had previously done at home • Factory workers, truck drivers

13. The Legacy of WWI • Map of Western Europe was redrawn • New nations emerged • Freedom of the press and speech had been limited during the war • Economies had difficulty recovering from the stress of the war • Revolutions broke out throughout the world

14. Russian Revolution • Russia’s failure in the war and worker unrest led to the Russian Revolution in 1917 • The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrew the provisional government • Led to civil war • The Bolsheviks took control of the country and renamed themselves the Communists • Russia was now a centralized state dominated by a single power