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Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong Module 38

Sexual Motivation. Sexual motivation is nature's clever way of making people procreate thus enabling our species' survival.. Research on Sexuality. Kinsey (et al, 1953; Kinsey, Pomeroy and Martin, 1948) asked volunteers about their sexual practicesMasters and Johnson (1966) measured actual physiolo

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Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong Module 38

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    1. Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong Module 38

    2. Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate thus enabling our species’ survival.

    3. Research on Sexuality Kinsey (et al, 1953; Kinsey, Pomeroy and Martin, 1948) asked volunteers about their sexual practices Masters and Johnson (1966) measured actual physiological sexual response patterns in a lab. However, the Kinsey and Masters and Johnson studies used volunteers and the data is outdated.

    4. More Research on Sexuality The University of Chicago conducted the “National Health and Social Life Survey” – the first extensive study of sexual behavior in the United States (1994). Did not depend on self-selected volunteers. Carefully constructed the sample to reflect the sociocultural diversity of the U.S. Used face-to-face interviews and encouraged honesty. Researchers found that: People in U.S. have sex less often and with fewer partners than many had assumed. People in committed, one-partner relationships has the most frequent and the most satisfying sex. Overwhelming majority of heterosexual couples reported considerably little variation in sexual practices.

    5. The Physiology of Sex Masters and Johnson (1966) describe human sexual response to consist of four phases: OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the human sexual response.OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the human sexual response.

    6. Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones have 2 effects: They direct the development of male and female sex characteristics. They activate sexual behavior This is more obvious in non-human animals. Hormones more loosely influence human behavior. Sex hormone levels of males are more constant and therefore more difficult to manipulate experimentally. OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the impact of hormones on sexual motivation and behavior.OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the impact of hormones on sexual motivation and behavior.

    7. Testosterone Levels of testosterone remain constant in males and thus difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration which reduces testosterone levels lowers sexual interest. Castrated male rats eventually lose their interest in females, and if injected with testosterone, they gradually regain it. During the 16 and 1700s when prepubertal boys were castrated to preserve their soprano voices for Italian opera, the normal development of sex characteristics and desire did not occur. “Mom, I don’t think I want to be in choir…” Male sex offenders who take Depo-Provera lose much of their sex drive (it reduces testosterone) Men with low testosterone do experience increased desire and energy from testosterone replacement therapy. Castrated male rats eventually lose their interest in females, and if injected with testosterone, they gradually regain it. During the 16 and 1700s when prepubertal boys were castrated to preserve their soprano voices for Italian opera, the normal development of sex characteristics and desire did not occur. “Mom, I don’t think I want to be in choir…” Male sex offenders who take Depo-Provera lose much of their sex drive (it reduces testosterone) Men with low testosterone do experience increased desire and energy from testosterone replacement therapy.

    8. Estrogen Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity can be heightened with estrogen injections.

    9. The Psychology of Sex OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the role of external stimuli and fantasies on sexual motivation and behavior.OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the role of external stimuli and fantasies on sexual motivation and behavior.

    10. External Stimuli It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women under controlled conditions experience similar heightened arousal (at least according to studies using female volunteers). Sexually explicit material can have adverse effects: Depictions of women being sexually coerced and enjoying it increase viewing acceptance of rape myths and willingness to hurt women. Viewing X-rated films decreases satisfaction with sex partners .

    11. Imagined Stimuli Imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injury, with no genital sensation, can still feel sexual desire.

    12. Adolescent Sexuality When individuals mature into adolescents sexual behavior develops with it, however there are cultural differences.

    13. Contraception Only 1/3 of sexually active male teens use condoms consistently. Compared with European teenagers, US teenagers have lower rates of sex, but higher rates of teen pregnancy and abortion. OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss some of the forces that influence teen pregnancy and teen attitudes towards contraception.Only 1/3 of sexually active male teens use condoms consistently. Compared with European teenagers, US teenagers have lower rates of sex, but higher rates of teen pregnancy and abortion. OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss some of the forces that influence teen pregnancy and teen attitudes towards contraception.

    14. Sexually Transmitted Infection Less mature biological development and lower levels of protective antibodies… as well as mechanics of sex… make girls more vulnerable. OBJECTIVE 13| Describe trends in the spread of sexually transmitted infections.Less mature biological development and lower levels of protective antibodies… as well as mechanics of sex… make girls more vulnerable. OBJECTIVE 13| Describe trends in the spread of sexually transmitted infections.

    15. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, other sex and/or either sex.

    16. Sexual Orientation Statistics In Europe and America, based on many national surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%. Most of today’s psychologists view sexual orientation as neither willfully chosen or willfully changed. APA dropped homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses in 1973; the World Health Organization did in 1993, and Japan and China’s psychiatric organizations did in 1995 and 2001. OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the information that statistical studies give us about sexual orientation.Most of today’s psychologists view sexual orientation as neither willfully chosen or willfully changed. APA dropped homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses in 1973; the World Health Organization did in 1993, and Japan and China’s psychiatric organizations did in 1995 and 2001. OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the information that statistical studies give us about sexual orientation.

    17. Origins of Sexual Orientation Homosexuality is more likely to be based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, parental hormone exposure, than environmental factors. OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation.OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation.

    18. Animal Homosexuality A number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world.

    19. The Brain The size of the anterior hypothalamus is smaller (LeVay, 1991) and anterior commissure is larger (Allen & Gorski, 1992) in homosexual men. Hard to know if larger cell cluster is cause or effect of homosexuality. Physiological evidence is preliminary and controversial. Hard to know if larger cell cluster is cause or effect of homosexuality. Physiological evidence is preliminary and controversial.

    20. Genes & Sexual Orientation A number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic reasons. Increased rate of homosexuality among individuals with older brothers may be due to the fact that maternal antibodies may become stronger after each pregnancy with a male fetus and may prevent the fetus’ brain from developing in a male-typical pattern. Increased rate of homosexuality among individuals with older brothers may be due to the fact that maternal antibodies may become stronger after each pregnancy with a male fetus and may prevent the fetus’ brain from developing in a male-typical pattern.

    21. Hormones & Sexual Orientation Prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation during critical periods of fetal development.

    22. Sexual Orientation: Biology

    23. Changing Attitudes

    24. Sex and Human Values “Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain psychological, social, health, and moral problems that must be faced realistically (Baumrind, 1982).” OBJECTIVE 16| Discuss the place of values in sex research.OBJECTIVE 16| Discuss the place of values in sex research.

    25. The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the adaptive value of social attachments, and identify both healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong.OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the adaptive value of social attachments, and identify both healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong.

    26. Aiding Survival

    27. Belongingness

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