Ruminants Anatomy - 2

1. Ruminants Anatomy - 2

2. Objectives Reproductive anatomy and Mammary Physiology Chapter 3 GI anatomy Personal notes

3. The Importance of Reproduction Deliver live neonates Breeding estrous cycle determinations, reproductive exam, AI, embryo transfer, live cover Genetics, Gestation Delivery Economics

4. Selection Estimated progeny differences Uses: in males EPD values: birth, growth, maternal, and carcass traits and are reported in the same units of measurement as the trait (normally pounds) Accuracy: only in same breed. 1 is good and more accurate with more progeny data

5. Selection Estimated breeding values Uses: value of breeding Differences between EPDs and EBVs EBV also adds potential for heritability Pedigrees: more in equine Breeding systems: inbreeding, linebreeding, crossbreeding (angus+hereford = black brockle face), purebreeding (same breed), outcrossing (different families, same breed) and grading up (grade animal: no documentation of lineage + pure breed) Conformation: good udder and footing, not cryptochidism

6. Reproductive Physiology: Table 3-2

7. Estrous • Proestrus • Declining progesterone • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Increasing estrogen • Follicular growth • Estrus • Peak estrogen • Luteinizing hormone • Ovulation • Metaestrus • Estrogen decreases • Progesterone increases • Diestrus • Progesterone is high • Prostaglandin released if conception does not occur • Destruction of the corpus luteum

9. Breeding Soundness Examination Purpose: assess fertility Examination: before breeding season Preparation: Safety (chute) Penis and prepuce Tranquilize to relax retractor penis muscle Scrotum and testicles Measurement of scrotal circumference Breeding behavior Semen analysis

10. Prolonged penile extension: phenothiazine based tranquilizers: e.g. acepromazine, chlorpromazine, and promazine Fibropapilloma: warts NB: permanent damage if out more than 2 hours: penile paralysis, Phimosis (swelling prepuce), paraphimosis (swelling prepuce/penis), Priaphism: blood cannot exit glans penis: swelling penis/penis

12. Semen Collection and Preparation Collection Electroejaculation Artificial vagina Natural stimulation Preparation Optimum temp

13. Semen Analysis • Shake container • Keep warm: 37 C/ 98.6 F) • Protect from UV light: warm water bath • Use gel free fraction of ejaculate • Extenders: protein, Sugars, antibiotics • cryopreserve Semen samples from a bull (left) and dog (right), showing differences in opacity and concentration

16. Insemination Timeline

17. Estrous Cycle Determination Rectal palpation Vaginal examinations Not useful in cattle Ultrasound via rectum Better for horses Observation of standing heat Vaginal cytology

18. Ovaries: Rectal palpation Estrus: large soft follicles, relaxed hyperemic cervix

19. KaMar/ Bovine Beacon

20. Tail Paint

21. Tail Paint Other signs: swollen vulva, vaginal discharge, increased vocalization, frequent urination, restlessness

22. 1. Transmitter with pressure sensitive button on top 3. The receiver accepts the mounting activity signal from the transmitter Receiver ~1/2 mile range 2. Mounted onto cow’s rump using a patch and adhesive ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 4. Information is transferred to computer for processing by HeatWatch software. Heat Watch

23. Estrus Synchronization • Ovsynch uses two hormones • PGF2α and GnRH • Ovsynch occurs in three stages • Day 0 - Stage 1: GnRH injection to create a new follicle • Day 7 - Stage 2: PGF2α injection to end the current estrus cycle and regress the corpus luteum • Day 9 – Stage 3: Second GnRH injection to cause the new follicle to ovulate and release the egg • All cows will ovulate 24-32 hours after the second GnRH injection • Day 10 – Insemination

24. Lutalyse • Lutalyse is a veterinary pharmaceutical brand name • Lutalyse is a PGF2α therapy treatment • If an animal is known to be open (i.e. her ovulated egg was not inseminated), a shot of Lutalyse will end the cycle and start a new one. • Lutalyse/ PGF2α will cause the death of the corpus luteum, resulting in reduced progesterone production. • Pregnant women SHOULD NOT administer shots of Lutalyse; it can cause their bodies to terminate the pregnancy!

25. Estrus Synchronization • CIDRs (Controlled Internal Drug Release) • intravaginal progesterone • beef cattle, dairy cattle, goat and sheep industries. • released at a controlled rate • beneficial in large herds

26. Breeding Live cover Prepare perineum/ vulva: cleanse with povidone iodine Artificial insemination Embryo transfer: pathogen free embryos AI pipette

27. Breeding (cont’d)

28. Breeding (cont’d) • Embryo transfer • Superovulation • Ovulate multiple eggs • Breeding: AI or natural • Embryo recovery • Phosphate buffered saline • Embryo ID • Embryo transfer: recipient

29. Pregnancy Detection Failure to return to estrus Rectal palpation 25 – 30 days Ultrasound per rectum 12 days Trans abdominal ultrasound 95% accurate: 60 days Doppler ultrasound Week 6-7 Fetal heart rate External palpation Ballottement 7 months Abdominal radiographs: not common Laboratory tests: estrogen assays: blood, urine, milk

30. Rectal Pregnancy • Easiest, fastest, cheapest • status 25 - 30 days post breeding • US: 12 days (18 days in small ruminants) • Radiograph: 90 days • Positive signs of pregnancy • Fetus • cotyledons/caruncles • amniotic vesicle • fetal membrane slip • Suggestive signs • Ipsilateral corpus luteum • Ipsilateral middle uterine artery in the broad ligament US: 40 day pregnancy

31. Fetal Membrane Slip (be gentle, as you can damage a pregnancy by rough palpation) 32 days thread 1 horn45 small string 1horn60 string 2 horns>70 large string

32. Pregnancy - Cotyledonary • Placentomes • cotyledon/caruncle unit) • You must rule out that you a not palpating an ovary by feeling at least 3. The fetus descends out of reach from 3-7 months.You can first feel the fetus at 55-60 daysTo estimate an aborted fetus they are:2 months mouse3 months rat4 months small cat5 months large cat6 months beagle dog 75 days pea size100 dime115 nickel125 quarter150 half dollar> 150 variable

33. Gestation: Avg. 283 days • 1 – 2 days before parturition: elevated tail head • Stage I: Preparatory stage • ~ 6 hours • Inappetance, restlessness, kicking belly • Stage II: Delivery • 30 min – 4 hours (Avg. 75 minutes) • Heifers take longer • Head diving posture • Stage III • Expel placenta • 4 – 12 hours • PE calf

34. Dystocia • Fetal or maternal: emergency • Fetal more common • Malformation – “fetal monsters” • Stillbirths • Large fetal size • Fetal malposition • Maternal • Compromised pelvis: fracture/ old injury • Uterine torsion • Rupture of supporting structures

35. Dystocia • 3 approaches: LUBE!!! • Mutation and traction • Obstetrical chains, calf jacks • Fetotomy: in cattle • C – section • Fetus too large, small pelvis, cervix does not dilate, vaginal prolapse, dead fetus, malformed fetus

36. Dystocia

37. Dystocia • C – section • Large fetus • No vaginal manipulations • Failure of cervix to dilate • Vaginal prolapse • Fetal emphysema • Fetal monster

38. Separate Mammary Glands-Quarters 40% 60% REAR Front quarter is smaller

39. Fig 29-3. An illustrated view of the ligaments that permit udder suspension (Courtesy of Iowa State University)

40. Udder: 4 separate glands A teat hangs from each quarter sphincter muscle known as streak canal extra nonfunctional teats supernumerary teats Removed in calf Mammary Gland Structure

41. Internal Anatomy • Streak canal • bacteria out • Teat cistern • Duct in teat : 30-45 milliliters • Separated from streak canal: Furstenberg’s rosettes • Gland cistern • Separated from teat cistern by the cricoid fold • 400 ml of milk • Collecting area for the mammary ducts

42. Fig 29-4. A dissected mammary gland showing the gland cistern, teat cistern and streak canal (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

44. 1 gallon of milk: 400 gallon of blood • pudic arteries • external pudic veins and subcutaneous abdominal veins Fig 29-6. Blood flow to and from the mammary gland determines milk producing capability of the cow (Courtesy of Iowa State University)

45. Digestive System • Cranial fermentors • Forestomach • E.g. cattle, sheep and deer • digest and extract energy from cellulose • utilize the protein from fermentative microbes • Caudal fermentors • Cecaldigestors • E.g. horses and rabbits • digest and extract energy from cellulose • utilize dietary hexose sources directly

46. Digestive system calf • Esophageal groove • By pass reticulum and rumen and goes directly into abomasum • Grain and forage for rumen development ~ 3 weeks age

47. Fermentation Ecology • Rumen inoculation • 1 ml of rumen content: ~10 to 50 billion bacteria,1 million protozoa, variable numbers of yeasts and fungi • Cellulolytic (digest cellulose) • Hemicellulolytic (digest hemicellulose) • Amylolytic (digest starch) • Proteolytic (digest proteins) • Sugar utilizing (utilize monosaccharides and disaccharides) • Acid utilizing (utilize such substrates as lactic, succinic and malic acids) • Ammonia producers • Vitamin synthesizers: vitamin B and K • Methane producers Poor nonprotein nitrogen such as urea to produce VFA, AA, Vit B and K, methane, CO2

48. Fermentation Ecology • Rumen pH between 6 and 7 (6.2 – 7.2): Transfaunation • Grain engorgement: pH <5.5 • protozoal populations decrease • Products: Sugars -> VFA’s • acetic, propionic and butyric acids

49. Volatile Fatty Acids • Acetic acid • generate ATP • Proprionic acid • major substrate for gluconeogenesis • Butyric acid, • for energy production.

50. Ruminant Anatomy • the rumen or paunch • reticulum or "honeycomb," • the omasum or “book," • the abomasum or "true stomach." • Esophagus > rumen -reticulum > omasum > abomasum