Unit 2 Human anatomy

1. Unit 2 Human anatomy Students will develop an understanding of human anatomy.

2. Vocabulary • Anatomical Position • Superior, Inferior • Anterior, Posterior • Dorsal, Ventral • Medial, Lateral • Proximal, Distal • Bilateral, Unilateral • Deep, Superficial • Parietal, Visceral • Supine, Prone • Body Cavities • Body Quadrants • Body Regions • Meninges • Serous Membranes • Brain • Heart • Lungs • Liver • Kidney • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Bladder • Esophagus • Trachea • Pancreas • Spleen • Penis • Scrotum • Testes • Uterus • Ovaries • Vagina

3. ANATOMICAL POSITION • The position where the body is standing with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomical position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical terms. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, abduction and adduction, and so on apply to the body when it is in the anatomical position.

5. Body Planes • Human movements are described in three dimensions based on a series of planes and axis. There are three planes of motion that pass through the human body. • sagital plane • frontal plane • transverse (horizontal) plane • The sagital plane lies vertically and divides the body into right and left parts. • The frontal plane also lies vertically however divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. • The transverse plane lies horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

6. Body Planes

7. Directional Terms • Anterior: Toward or on the front of the body: in front of • The pectorals are on the anterior aspect of the body • Posterior: Towards or on the back of the body: behind • The rhomboids are on the posterior aspect of the body • Superior: Toward the head or upper part of a structure: above • The humerus is superior to the radius • Inferior: Toward the lower part of a structure: below • The tibia is inferior to the femur • Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body: inner side • The adductors are on medial to the abductors • Lateral: Away form the midline of the body: outer side • The abductors are on the lateral aspect of the leg

8. Proximal: Closer to the origin of a point of reference • The elbow is proximal to the wrist • Distal: Further from the origin or point of reference • The foot is distal to the knee • Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the back • The vertebrae are dorsal to the heart. • Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly • The liver is ventral to the stomach.

9. Deep: Towards the interior or inside of. • The pancreas is deep to the liver. • Superficial: Towards the surface or outside of. • The skin is superficial to the muscles. • Parietal: of or relating to the walls of a part or cavity; of, relating to, or forming the upper posterior wall of the head • The parietal wall of the abdomen. • Visceral: felt in or as if in the internal organs of the body; of, relating to, or located on or among the viscera • The pain was visceral.

10. Supine: Lying down with the face upwards • The body was in the supine position in preparation of an appendectomy. • Prone: Lying down with face downwards • The body was found in a prone position.

11. BODY CAVITIES • 1. Dorsal cavity • a. cranial cavity • b. spinal cavity • 2. Ventral Cavity • a. abdominal cavity • b. pelvic cavity • c. thoracic cavity

13. Body Quadrants • 1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) • 2. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) • 3. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) • 4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

15. Body Regions • 1. Right hypochondriac • 2. Epigastric • 3. Left hypochondriac • 4. Right lumbar • 5. Umbilical • 6. Left Lumbar • 7. Right inguinal • 8. Hypogastric • 9. Left inguinal

17. MEMBRANES – N.S. • Nervous System – called Meninges • 1. Dura Mater: tough and thick and it can restrict the movement of the brain within the skull. This protects the brain from movements that may stretch and break brain blood vessels. • 2. Arachnoid Mater • 3. Pia Mater (the membranes “PAD” the brain)

19. MEMBRANES - ABDOMINAL • B. Abdominal Cavity – Serous Membranes • 1. Thoracic cavity — is lined by endothoracic fascia. • 2. Abdominal & pelvic cavities — are lined by transversalis fascia. • 3. Serous Membrane Cavities (see next slide) • http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFlectPDFs/LectSerousCavities.pdf (lesson on membranes with really good pics of membranes from a cadaver)

20. MEMBRANES - SEROUS • The serous membranes are: • 1. Peritoneum — the peritoneal cavity is found within the abdominal & pelvic body cavities. • 2. Pleura — two pleural cavities (separated by mediastinum) are found within the thoracic cavity. • 3. Pericardium — the pericardial cavity is found within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. • 4. Vaginal tunics — membranes of the vagina

22. MAJOR ORGANS & GLANDSBRAIN • 1. Cerebral Cortex: The brain consists of three main parts which are cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The largest part in the brain is cerebrum. The outer cover of the cerebrum is cerebral cortex. Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres. • Two Hemispheres of the Cerebrum: • Right hemispheres cerebrum – Controls the right side of the body. • Left hemispheres cerebrum – Controls the left side of the body. • 2. Lobes: Each hemisphere consists of four main lobes: Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital • Frontal: maintains and does personality development. It also helps to improve the self thinking power. It maintains the imagination power. Coordinates with body movements. • Temporal: Assists in memory, consists of auditory sense and speech comprehension (hearing and talking). • Parietal: Interprets sensory things. Touch, taste, smell, & cognition (thinking) • Occipital: Eye movement, vision.

23. BRAIN • 3.Cerebellum: The cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing. • 4. Brainstem: The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. The nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Regulates the cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.

25. HEART • B. Heart • 1. Aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava • 2. Atria, Ventricles

27. LUNGS • C. Lungs (left and right) • 1. Trachea: thymus & thyroid glands • 2. Discuss the hyoid bone with reference to strangulation • 3. Lobes of the lungs • 4. Cardiac notch

29. DIGESTIVE • D. Esophogus, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

31. URINARY • E. Kidneys • 1. Ureters • 2. Bladder • 3. Urethra

33. REPRODUCTIVE • E. Reproductive organs • 1. Penis, testicles, vas deferens • 2. Vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries

35. CAREER: MEDICAL DOCTOR • Medical Doctor • Examination of patients, diagnosis, prescription of medicine, operations, treatments for injuries & diseases. Promotes healthy communities by education & development & act as a role model. • 1. Level of education: Bachelor’s degree & medical degree • 2. Credentialing requirements: None. • 3. Employment opportunities and career growth potential: Good in current job market. Doctors are always needed. Very secure job field. • 4. Workplace environments: hospitals, clinics, government agencies, Universities, and research centers. • 5. Salary: $121,000+ year

36. CAREER: NURSE (RN) • Nurse (RN) • Treating, teaching, and counseling patients, their family, and the public of health conditions. • 1. Level of education: Associates in nursing (ANP), bachelors in nursing (LPN), masters in nursing (RN) • 2. Credentialing requirements: None. • 3. Employment opportunities and career growth potential: Good in current job market. • 4. Workplace environments: anywhere from hospitals to schools • 5. Salary: $46,000 - $66,000/ year average

37. CAREER: PHYSICAL THERAPIST • Physical Therapist • Working with patients to reduce pain and restore mobility after an injury or while living with a disability • 1. Level of education: Bachelor’s degree; most have Masters or Doctoral degree. • 2. Credentialing requirements: National Physical Therapy Examination • 3. Employment opportunities and career growth potential: Good in current job market, expecting an increase in demand of 30% by 2018. • 4. Workplace environments: hospitals, clinics, private practice • 5. Salary: $58,000 - $76,000 /year average

38. Test Terms • Superior, Inferior • Anterior, Posterior • Dorsal, Ventral • Medial, Lateral • Proximal, Distal • Bilateral, Unilateral • Deep, Superficial • abdominal cavity • pelvic cavity • thoracic cavity • Right lumbar • Umbilical • Left Lumbar • Parietal, Visceral • Supine, Prone • Vas Deferens • Parietal • Visceral • Esophagus • RUQ • RLQ • LLQ • LUQ • Trachea • Pancreas • Spleen • Testes • Uterus • Ovaries • Vagina • Sagittal • Transverse (horizontal) • Frontal • Dorsal cavity • cranial cavity • spinal cavity • Ventral Cavity • Right hypochondriac • Epigastric • Left hypochondriac • Right inguinal • Hypogastric • Left inguinal • Partietal • Occipital • Temporal • Cerebellum • Cerebral cortex